Last posts on minorités religieuses

Le droit de croire (Cabanel)

2024-04-08T15:37:20+02:00

La France entretient une histoire compliquée avec ses minorités religieuses, parfois discriminées et/ou persécutées.

L'historien Patrick Cabanel (EPHE-PSL, GSRL) , n'a pas son pareil pour retracer cette histoire tumultueuse.

Son livre vient à point!

”Les minorités religieuses”, présentation au séminaire interne GSRL

2020-03-12T23:21:32+01:00

Superbe séance aujourd'hui au séminaire interne du GSRL sur l'ouvrage Les minorités religieuses en France, présenté par Anne-Laure Zwilling et Joëlle Allouche-Benayoun. Un grand merci à elles!

Lien vers une présentation de l'ouvrage

Les minorités religieuses en France, LE livre de référence

2019-09-12T23:26:00+02:00

En histoire et sociologie des religions en France, c'est l'un des livres les plus importants du dernier demi siècle. Immense coup de chapeau à Anne-Laure Zwilling et son équipe, qui ont coordonné un travail colossal au service d'une intelligence du pays réel, en offrant un panorama précis, documenté, vérifié de la diversité religieuse française dans son ensemble. Un livre de référence pour comprendre le XXIe siècle français et bien se situer dans les recompositions religieuses et laïques de la France réelle qui vit sous nos yeux.

Cet ouvrage inédit, réunissant près de 80 sociologues, ethnologues, anthropologues, historiens (dont votre serviteur), veut permettre une meilleure connaissance des groupes religieux présents en France et leur évolution récente.
Dans une approche sans précédent, il propose une série de chapitres présentant chacun en détail un groupe religieux. Ces mouvements religieux sont regroupés par grands ensembles confessionnels, ce qui permet de saisir la diversité interne de chacun de ces ensembles.
Ce livre offre une couverture inégalée dans la présentation des groupes religieux, en évoquant certains déjà connus, mais en éclairant également d'autres qui restent largement à découvrir.

Bravo et merci Anne-Laure et son équipe! (sortie le 18 septembre 2019)

Fait religieux minoritaire en France & en Europe (RHP)

2018-03-08T08:09:41+01:00

Ne pas rater la lecture de la Revue d'histoire du protestantisme 2017/4!

Un "must" qui nous propose dans cette livraison le dossier "Regards croisés sur le fait religieux minoritaire en France et en Europe".

Il est coordonné par Valentine Zuber (EPHE) et Rita Hermon-Belot (EHESS).

Lien.

Référence: Histoire des protestants, une minorité en France (Ellipses)

2016-12-23T13:34:00+01:00

Il y a quatre ans, Patrick Cabanel nous a prodigué une somme phénoménale sur l'histoire du protestantisme français des origines à nos jours (lien). Le très beau livre qu'ont corédigé Jean Baubérot et Marianne Carbonnier-Burkard vient aujourd'hui compléter ce qui apparaît comme le duo de tête des lectures de 2017 sur le protestantisme français, à l'occasion des 500 ans de la Réforme.

En 2017, la Réforme protestante célébrera son 500e anniversaire. Coauteure, avec Jean Baubérot, de Histoire des protestants. Une minorité en France, XVIe-XXIe siècle (Ellipses, 576 p., 26 euros), Marianne Carbonnier-Burkard, maître de conférences honoraire à lʼInstitut protestant de théologie de Paris, explique les spécificités dʼun protestantisme minoritaire, présent dans la société française depuis cinq siècles.

Lien (site Le Monde).

HDR pour Anne-Laure Zwilling

2016-10-18T01:11:00+02:00

Une soutenance HDR (Habilitation à Diriger des Recherches) est toujours un événement. Aussi est-ce l'occasion, le lendemain de le l'événement, de saluer la soutenance d'Anne-Laure Zwilling, ingénieure de recherche au laboratoire UMR 7354 DRES (Droit, religion, entreprise et société) à Strasbourg.

Chercheure reconnue et appréciée dans le domaine des sciences sociales des religions, auteure de nombreux travaux de référence, elle étudie particulièrement les minorités religieuses, les religions et leurs rapports aux textes fondateurs, l’analyse narratologique des textes bibliques. Elle s’intéresse actuellement aux dynamiques des groupes religieux minoritaires en France.

Son dossier d'HDR portait sur «Textes fondateurs et minorités religieuses» et a été présenté hier avec succès à Strasbourg (sous la direction de Michel Deneken). TOUTES NOS FELICITATIONS!

Interview with Gerard Russell on Heirs to Forgotten Kingdoms

2016-05-05T11:06:50+02:00

Interview with Gerard Russell on Heirs to Forgotten Kingdoms

Ex: http://www.onreligion.co.uk

Former British diplomat, Gerard Russell, has published a work looking at the minority religions in the Middle-East.

Abdul-Azim Ahmed speaks to him.

AA: Thank you Gerard for speaking to us about your book. Could you begin by telling us a bit about yourself?

GR: Sure. I’m a former British diplomat. I’ve been in the Middle East for many years and I learned Arabic. I’ve lived in Cairo, Jerusalem, Baghdad, Jeddah, and Kabul. In each of these places I had encountered these little religions, little communities, which when I looked at them, seemed to have preserved remarkably intact elements of much earlier trends and traditions of human thought. You see these communities, you think ‘this is amazing, this is history alive in the present day!’

AA: Can you tell me more about the religions you looked at, and where they come from geographically?

GR: I looked mainly at the places where I had lived and where I could say something that others perhaps couldn’t. So in Egypt I looked at the Copts, likewise Palestine for the Samaritans – Palestine-Israel I should say particularly as they are the original Israelites. I looked at Lebanon for the Druze, Iraq for the Yazidis and Mandaeans, Iran for the Zoroastrians and also I looked at Pakistan for an outlier group which is very different from the others, which is the Kalasha who live in Chitral in Pakistan.

AA: There was a very gruesome and unfortunate way in which the topic you look at gripped the headlines. In the summer of 2014, the self-styled Islamic State besieged a community of Yazidis in Iraq, and many were asking the question ‘who are the Yazidis?’ Naturally you were well placed to answer.

GR: That’s right. It’s not the first time that the Yazidis have been exposed to this kind of horror. In 2007 there was a massive terrorist attack which killed over 700 of them in Sinjar. So there is something of a history of this. Although it is important to remember that between the Ottomans (who as late as 1880s were behaving abominably to the Yazidis) and the al-Qaida attack in 2007, there was actually a prolonged period of mutual coexistence and inclusion. Egypt 1860 to 1920 is also a good example. There is a very clear trend in those times in which people of all religions in the Middle-East behaved to each other more decently than was sometimes the case in Europe during that era. That is important to remember because the narrative says ‘Muslims are uniquely intolerant’ which simply isn’t true; the reality is that the Middle-East was ahead of Europe in including its Christian and Jewish minorities for many years. The fact that it appears so negative now by comparison, is a product of particular circumstances – it is not inevitable at all!

AA: From that contemporary context, it is interesting to look at the roots as you mentioned. For myself, I find the Mandaeans and Yazidis especially intriguing, because they seem to echo a familiar theology of the three Abrahamic faiths, but have stark differences also. How was your experience of this?

GR: One thing that is interesting about the Mandaeans is that they recognise certain Jewish prophets such as Noah, but not Abraham. So you might think that is peculiar, because Abraham is the patriarch, but in fact they have this in common with many religions of two millennia ago. To the ascetics of the Middle-East, those who wanted a strict morality, they read about Abraham and they weren’t very impressed. The Mandaean rejection of Abraham is interesting because it connects us to that historic era, which is when the Mandaean religion was conceived.

The Mandaeans have an almost impenetrable demonology and cosmology written in their language, which is Babylonian Aramaic. Some of their rituals are thought provoking, such as the tradition of the priest staying awake for seven days and seven nights without eating to become ordained. Likewise, to become a bishop, you have an amazing ceremony where a message is sent to ‘other side’ through a dying person, to gain permission for this particular person’s appointment. Fascinating ideas. Sometimes when I read about these, it really makes me reflect and not just as ‘wow, this is really old’ but ‘wow, this is an interesting concept’. The Yazidis’ belief in Melek Taus is one such thing.

AA: Well maybe that is a point to pick up on. There is a certain familiarity, certainly for Muslims, with the cosmology of the creation of Adam and Eve, of the angels, of the role of Satan. But of course the Yazidis have a much more idiosyncratic understanding of Melek Taus who is associated with the fallen Archangel Iblis. Could you elaborate a bit more on that? It is an almost subversive take on traditional Quranic readings.

GR: Yes, it really is, when you look at certain aspects of Yazidi belief. For example, Melek Taus – he appears to be the Archangel Azazel, or Lucifer, or Iblis as he is called in Islam. The Yazidis use the term Iblis, but not Shaitaan which they see as insulting and in fact it is a taboo.

The Yazidis, like Muslims, believe Iblis rebelled against God, but unlike Muslims, Yazidis believe he was forgiven. That said, if you look back to the ninth century, there were a lot of Sufi movements that explored the idea of Satan in a way that wasn’t entirely hostile. The Islamic saint Rabia al-Basra said she wanted to quench hell, to extinguish the fires of hell, so that none would be good out of fear of punishment. The Yazidis actually say that the fires of hell have been quenched by the tears of Melek Taus’. It is in one sense a radical departure from the Islamic tradition, but in another sense, it is not a million miles away from what some Muslims have sometimes believed.

AA: That similarity, outwardly at least, is comparable to the Samaritans and the Jewish religion. Many people will be familiar with the story of the Good Samaritan, but unaware of the history of the people and their religion.

GR: The Samaritans have a great advocate who travels the world called Benny Tsedaka. They are interesting as they are both Palestinian and Israeli by nationality and politically – this is unique. Although to the outside world they look simply Jewish, it is much complex than that. The word Jewish comes from Judea and the tribe of Judah. The Samaritans are the descendants of a different people from the Northern Kingdom of Israel, supposedly wiped out by the Assyrians in the seventh century BCE. So they see themselves as being a separate people. They are not accepted by traditional Jewish Rabbis who do not regard them as ‘kosher’, as being part of the people of Israel.

The thing that really distinguishes them from Judaism is that whereas the Jews were scattered by the Romans, the Samaritans were largely left alone. It seemed like a blessing to them at the time. Interestingly though, the consequence is that now they almost don’t exist. They never really adjusted to living in diaspora. They have kept the old traditions exactly as they were. They still have a priestly caste, they still have sacrifices, and they keep The Law incredibly strictly. They almost became extinct as there were fewer than 30 of them at one point whereas there are now 771. So they have shown an amazing resilience.

One thing to remember about these religions is that people have predicted their extinction many times before, but they have been proven wrong, they have remarkable resilience. People in the 1840s saying the Druze will no longer have Chiefdoms in Lebanon, well they do. They said in the 1880s the Samaritans won’t last much longer, well they did. Politics changes – the mood can be hostile one year and then ten years later it may not be.

AA: That is a sobering thought, but positive too. That these religions may be more permanent than the transient politics of the region, and may outlive these contemporary catastrophes we see. Moving away from the Levant and Iraq to the Kalasha in Pakistan – could you tell us some more about them? They seem like another tradition that has survived despite the odds.

GR: These groups of course survived for many reasons, among them that there is a willingness in Islam for coexistence, or toleration at least, of other religions. But there were often geographical reasons – such them living in marshes or mountains. Often a conquering force would simply resign themselves to not enter a particular piece of land because it was simply too difficult.

In the case of the Kalasha, they lived in the great mountains of the Hindu Kush. There used to be a whole collection of tribes in that region who practiced what we could describe as an antique form of paganism. It really does involve many gods and sacrifices, ceremonies and dance, wine drinking too! They survived for a long time because of the mountains, and even Tamerlane, who was one of the few who did want to go around and convert people by force, couldn’t subdue them.

A few remaining Kalasha live in Chitral on what are now good terms with the local authorities. It has been a mixed history however. You can read some incredibly passionate books in defence of the Kalasha by Pakistani intellectuals. There were some individuals, particularly a local cleric who wanted to convert them in the 1950s, but they have survived.

AA: Taking a step back, there is a question I have which I wonder if you can shed some light on – is there a particular reason why the Middle East has a larger amount of religious diversity than Europe?

GR: That is a great question. There are a few reasons. One is that it has a very deep past. When Christianity and Islam arrived, the Middle East already had other deeply embedded religions which had philosophies which were very sophisticated and therefore more resistant to conversion than the equivalent in Europe.

The second reason is that historically the Arab Muslims who conquered those areas, they had to establish their own authority while having their own distinct religion. So they didn’t put emphasis on conversion, but they wanted acent for their rule. When Christianity came into Europe, it came via the Romans who had already ruled Europe for 300 years, they didn’t need to be as tolerant.

The third thing, which is partly related to that, is that Islam was quite accepting of other religions (I don’t mean to exaggerate – in actual behaviour, it was very similar to the Christianity in Western Europe) but what was unusual about Islam was that it had this greater level of acceptance of other faiths because of the Quran making it explicit these religions were respected, and this respect extended to religions that you might not immediately think about, such as the Mandaeans, also called the Sabians. And so I think it does prove something very important which is that the history of Islam, in particular the history of Islam when it was at its height in terms of culture and technology, when Baghdad was the capital of the world and the leading civilisation, was a history of religious diversity.

AA: Thank you very much for your time Gerard.

Heirs to Forgotten Kingdoms by Gerard Russell is available for purchase online and in bookstores.

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Minorités religieuses dans les médias: le cas du mormonisme (colloque)

2014-12-05T00:00:00+01:00

Il 'est pas trop tard pour signaler ce grand colloque international, dont le laboratoire GSRL est co-organisateur, consacré au mormonisme. Religion en forte croissance, issue du protestantisme états-unien (sans pour autant faire partie du protestantisme), le mormonisme est un christianisme minoritaire qui fait l'objet, du coup, d'un traitement particulier dans les médias.

Le propos du colloque, qui a lieu ces 4 et 5 décembre 2014, est d'analyser, sous l'angle des sciences sociales, ce traitement médiatique en Europe et aux Etats-Unis, au travers d'un large panel d'interventions. Christian Euvrard et Chrystal Vanel (tous deux rattachés au GSRL) en sont les organisateurs.

Programme ici (PDF).

Journée d'étude sur les protestantismes à Lyon

2014-11-23T01:02:16+01:00

Le projet dynamiques religieuses et groupes minoritaires: évolutions récentes du paysage français a pour ambition de contribuer à une meilleure connaissance des réalités nouvelles dupaysage religieux français. L'objectif est de rassembler et rendre disponible l'information concernant ces groupes et leur évolution récente.

Il propose une journée d'étude lundi prochain à LYON (24 novembre 2014) sur les protestantismes, dont voici le programme ci-dessous.

Lien.

Minorités musulmanes en France, journée d'études

2014-05-10T01:46:54+02:00

Dans le cadre d'un projet commun de recherche interdisciplinaire sur les minorités religieuses (DRES, GSRL, ISERL, CEIFR), notons sur nos agendas la belle journée d'études organisée le 19 mai 2014 au 96, bd. Raspail (EHESS) sur les minorités musulmanes en France.

L'objectif, qui est entre autres de "sortir des sentiers battus en explorant les différentes tendances de l'islam par-delà les instances officielles", permettra sans nul doute de précieuses perspectives comparatistes.

PDF du programme ici.

Denis Pelletier (GSRL, EPHE) analyse la militance familiale catholique

2013-05-27T00:00:00+02:00

Analyste sagace des recompositions du champ intellectuel catholique en France, Denis Pelletier est est un membre éminent du GSRL, directeur d'études à l'EPHE, école dont il est aussi le président.

A l'occasion d'une nouvelle manif en faveur de la famille traditionnelle, il livre ce week-end un entretien très éclairant au quotidien Le Monde sur les nouvelles dynamiques militantes d'une part (significative) de la population catholique, recomposée dans un contexte sécularisé de minorité active.

Il y conclut notamment ceci: "Même s'il y a probablement une véritable recharge militante à l'intérieur du catholicisme prête à se porter sur d'autres combats, l'Eglise catholique française ne pèse plus du tout le même poids qu'il y a trente ans ou quatre-vingts ans. Son combat est devenu celui d'une minorité. Et c'est là, la grande innovation".

Colloque état des lieux du judaïsme en France (29-30 mai 2013)

2013-05-18T00:00:00+02:00

A retenir le colloque international organisée par Joëlle Allouche-Benayoun (GSRL) dans le cadre du programme «Dynamiques religieuses et groupes minoritaires en France» MinEurel-France (DRES Strasbourg, ISERL Lyon, GSRL Paris).

Visant à l'état des lieux du judaïsme en France, ces journées sont conçues sur deux temps: un temps de compréhension des enjeux actuels liés à la présence juive en France (29 mai 2013) et un temps de présentation et d’analyse du champ religieux et culturel juif dans sa diversité (30 mai).

Programme complet ici (PDF).