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    <title>Last posts on découverte de l&#039;amérique</title>
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    <updated>2026-11-10T08:24:20+01:00</updated>
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        <entry>
        <author>
            <name>Ratatosk</name>
            <uri>http://euro-synergies.hautetfort.com/about.html</uri>
        </author>
        <title>Un probable deuxième site viking découvert en Amérique</title>
        <link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://euro-synergies.hautetfort.com/archive/2016/04/20/un-probable-deuxieme-site-viking-decouvert-en-amerique-5791201.html" />
        <id>tag:euro-synergies.hautetfort.com,2016-04-22:5791201</id>
        <updated>2016-04-22T00:05:00+02:00</updated>
        <published>2016-04-22T00:05:00+02:00</published>
        <summary>      Un probable deuxième site viking découvert en Amérique       Ex:...</summary>
        <content type="html" xml:base="http://euro-synergies.hautetfort.com/">
          &lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;img id=&quot;media-5351588&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.7em 0px;&quot; title=&quot;&quot; src=&quot;http://euro-synergies.hautetfort.com/media/00/00/2413839424.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;drakkar.jpg&quot; /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h2 class=&quot;post_title&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 24pt; font-family: arial black,sans-serif; color: #ff6600;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Un probable deuxième site viking découvert en Amérique&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;single_post_content&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 18pt; font-family: arial black,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #999999;&quot;&gt;Ex: http://metamag.fr &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br title=&quot;19 avril 2016&quot; /&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;entry&quot;&gt;&lt;h3&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 18pt; font-family: arial black,sans-serif; color: #99cc00;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Des vestiges ont été retrouvés bien plus au sud que le premier emplacement mis au jour&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; color: #999999;&quot;&gt;Les drakkars se sont-ils aventurés davantage vers le sud des côtes américaines? La découverte au Canada de ce qui pourrait constituer le deuxième site viking en Amérique relance les spéculations sur leur parcours dans le Nouveau Monde, 500 ans avant Christophe Colomb.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; color: #999999;&quot;&gt;Une équipe d’archéologues dirigée par l’Américaine Sarah Parcak a mis au jour au sud-ouest de l’île canadienne de Terre-Neuve des vestiges qui pourraient bien avoir été un bâtiment érigé par les navigateurs scandinaves, ont-ils annoncé vendredi.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; color: #999999;&quot;&gt;Jusqu’à présent, la présence Viking en Amérique n’avait été confirmée qu’à l’extrême nord de Terre-Neuve, à l’Anse aux Meadows. Les fondations de huit bâtiments, ainsi que des artefacts, avaient été découverts dans les années 1960 à l’emplacement de ce qui, selon les archéologues, avait constitué un village habité par ces Européens entre 900 et 1050.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;img id=&quot;media-5351591&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.7em 0;&quot; title=&quot;&quot; src=&quot;http://euro-synergies.hautetfort.com/media/02/00/2959824660.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;Viking_settlement_was_foun.jpg&quot; /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #ff6600;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Traces de charbon de bois&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; color: #999999;&quot;&gt;A l’aide de relevés satellites, Sarah Parcak a identifié le site de Pointe Rosée, à 500 kilomètres au sud de l’Anse aux Meadows. Elle y a mené deux semaines de fouilles en juin dernier.&amp;nbsp;Outre un foyer destiné à une forge, les fouilles ont permis de découvrir de traces de charbon de bois et neuf kilogrammes de scories, c’est-à-dire des résidus de fer transformé à partir de tourbe, un procédé bien connu des Vikings qui n’étaient pas de grands mineurs.&amp;nbsp;En utilisant la datation au carbone 14, l’équipe de Sarah Parcak a conclu que le lieu découvert a été fréquenté entre 800 et 1300, soit lorsque les navigateurs scandinaves sillonnaient l’Atlantique Nord.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #ff6600;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;«&amp;nbsp;Vinland&amp;nbsp;»&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; color: #999999;&quot;&gt;«&lt;em&gt;C’est très excitant. Cette découverte donne espoir de trouver un site occupé plus longtemps et de manière plus significative&lt;/em&gt;», a indiqué Karyn Bellamy-Dagneau, une historienne canadienne spécialiste du Moyen-Age scandinave.&amp;nbsp;Dans les «Sagas», ces textes semi-légendaires narrant les épopées des Vikings, les Scandinaves évoquent une terre luxuriante baptisée «Vinland», sise au-delà du Groenland qu’ils avaient déjà colonisée.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; color: #999999;&quot;&gt;Pointe Rosée relance donc les spéculations des chercheurs: jusqu’où les Vikings ont-ils navigué? La péninsule de Pointe Rosée se situe à la pointe méridionale de Terre-Neuve, là où les eaux du golfe du Saint-Laurent rencontrent celles de l’Atlantique Nord. Elle constitue donc un bon avant-poste pour explorer le Saint-Laurent ou le littoral américain, relève Karyn Bellamy-Dagneau.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; color: #999999;&quot;&gt; Les côtes du Maine ne sont par exemple qu’à quelques heures de traversée. Et c’est dans cet état américain qu’une pièce en cuivre datant du XIe siècle a été retrouvée, il y a quelques années.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; color: #999999;&quot;&gt;L’emplacement de Pointe Rosée correspond aux usages des Vikings car «&lt;em&gt;ils avaient besoin d’un endroit accessible facilement depuis la plage et offrant un bon point de vue. Ce lieu est donc situé parfaitement: vous pouvez voir vers le nord, l’ouest et le sud&lt;/em&gt;», a déclaré Sarah Parcak au magazine &lt;em&gt;National Geographic&lt;/em&gt; qui a financé une partie de ses recherches.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; color: #999999;&quot;&gt;«&lt;em&gt;Nous n’en sommes qu’au début des recherches. Jusqu’à présent, aucune preuve ne démontre que ce sont des Vikings qui ont fréquenté ce lieu&lt;/em&gt;», confie à l’AFP Shannon Lewis-Simpson, archéologue à l’Université Memorial de Terre-Neuve. Elle rappelle qu’il a fallu huit années de fouilles pour tirer les conclusions sur l’Anse aux Meadows.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; color: #999999;&quot;&gt;«Enthousiaste» au sujet des travaux de Sarah Parcak, elle souligne que dans cette île canadienne, «&lt;em&gt;personne n’a jamais enterré l’idée qu’un autre site viking pourrait être découvert&lt;/em&gt;».&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
        </content>
    </entry>
        <entry>
        <author>
            <name>Ratatosk</name>
            <uri>http://euro-synergies.hautetfort.com/about.html</uri>
        </author>
        <title>Ancient Explorers: Discovery of America Before Columbus</title>
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        <id>tag:euro-synergies.hautetfort.com,2015-05-30:5630312</id>
        <updated>2015-05-30T00:05:00+02:00</updated>
        <published>2015-05-30T00:05:00+02:00</published>
        <summary>              Carl Lehrburger:        (Hour 1)           Ancient Explorers:...</summary>
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          &lt;p&gt;&lt;object style=&quot;display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;&quot; width=&quot;450&quot; height=&quot;285&quot; bgcolor=&quot;0x000000&quot; data=&quot;http://www.redicecreations.com/radio/player/player.swf&quot; type=&quot;application/x-shockwave-flash&quot;&gt;&lt;param name=&quot;wmode&quot; value=&quot;transparent&quot;&gt;&lt;/param&gt;&lt;param name=&quot;src&quot; value=&quot;http://www.redicecreations.com/radio/player/player.swf&quot; /&gt;&lt;param name=&quot;allowscriptaccess&quot; value=&quot;always&quot; /&gt;&lt;param name=&quot;allowfullscreen&quot; value=&quot;true&quot; /&gt;&lt;param name=&quot;flashvars&quot; value=&quot;&amp;amp;backcolor=0x000000&amp;amp;file=http%3A%2F%2Frediceradio.net%2Fradio%2F2015%2FRIR-150206-carllehrburger-hr1.mp3&amp;amp;frontcolor=0xeeeeee&amp;amp;image=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.redicecreations.com%2Fradio%2F2015%2F02%2FRIR-150206_big.jpg&amp;amp;lightcolor=0xeeeeee&amp;amp;plugins=viral-2d&amp;amp;screencolor=0x000000&amp;amp;skin=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.redicecreations.com%2Fradio%2Fplayer%2Faudioskin%2Fglow%2Fglow.xml&quot; /&gt;&lt;/object&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large; font-family: arial black,avant garde;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;headline3&quot; style=&quot;color: #c0c0c0;&quot;&gt;Carl Lehrburger:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large; font-family: arial black,avant garde;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;headline3&quot; style=&quot;color: #c0c0c0;&quot;&gt;(Hour 1) &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; color: #c0c0c0;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large; font-family: arial black,avant garde;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;headline3&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #ff6600; font-size: xx-large;&quot;&gt;Ancient Explorers: Discovery of America Before Columbus&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt; &lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;date&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;text2&quot;&gt;Carl Lehrburger is an environmental activist, renewable energy entrepreneur, researcher and author. He has studied archaeological and sacred sites in the Americas for over 25 years with a focus on the ancient peoples who came to the Americas long before Columbus. The culmination of his investigations is his book, Secrets of Ancient America, which is the topic of our discussion. Carl tells us about the true history of Columbus, one that reveals the conquistador knew exactly where he was going and what he would encounter based on a vast number of maps he possessed. He describes petroglyphs found in North America that place the Celts in New England several thousand years prior to Christ. These Ogham writings, found carved in stone on cave walls, address rituals around celestial days such Equinox and Solstice. Carl explains archaeoastronomy and diffusionism, controversial studies that have been the subject of much critique and discrediting. Then, he talks about many historical accounts that have been largely suppressed and contrived by the Archaeo Priests, evidence encoded in stone of our early European history that has been destroyed, and why the truth about our past is not being told. In the second half, we learn about the studies of famous diffusionist Thor Heyerdahl, whose most compelling work about the Americas has never been published in English. We discuss evidence of Old World groups living across North America that were wiped out by drought, and the remnants of European cultures that can be found in modern Native American tribes. Later, we consider motifs found in Native American culture that can be traced to the Indus Valley people. Further, Carl points to accounts of numerous maps uncovered in China and elsewhere that collectively prove the ancients had knowledge of the Americas and the rest of the globe, and also held superior technologies and capabilities. We end by considering evidence that humanity has in fact been in a state of decline for thousands of years. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #ffcc99; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;text2&quot; style=&quot;font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Listen to HOUR 2: &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; color: #c0c0c0;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if gte mso 9]&gt;&lt;xml&gt; &lt;w:WordDocument&gt;  &lt;w:View&gt;Normal&lt;/w:View&gt;  &lt;w:Zoom&gt;0&lt;/w:Zoom&gt;  &lt;w:TrackMoves/&gt;  &lt;w:TrackFormatting/&gt;  &lt;w:HyphenationZone&gt;21&lt;/w:HyphenationZone&gt;  &lt;w:PunctuationKerning/&gt;  &lt;w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/&gt;  &lt;w:SaveIfXMLInvalid&gt;false&lt;/w:SaveIfXMLInvalid&gt;  &lt;w:IgnoreMixedContent&gt;false&lt;/w:IgnoreMixedContent&gt;  &lt;w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText&gt;false&lt;/w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText&gt; 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Priority=&quot;70&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Dark List&quot;/&gt;  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;71&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Shading&quot;/&gt;  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;72&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful List&quot;/&gt;  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;73&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Grid&quot;/&gt;  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;60&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 1&quot;/&gt;  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;61&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light List Accent 1&quot;/&gt;  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;62&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 1&quot;/&gt;  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;63&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 1&quot;/&gt;  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;64&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 1&quot;/&gt;  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;65&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 1&quot;/&gt;  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Revision&quot;/&gt;  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;34&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;List Paragraph&quot;/&gt;  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;29&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Quote&quot;/&gt;  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;30&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Intense Quote&quot;/&gt;  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;66&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 1&quot;/&gt;  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;67&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 1&quot;/&gt;  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;68&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 1&quot;/&gt;  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;69&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 1&quot;/&gt;  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;70&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Dark List Accent 1&quot;/&gt;  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;71&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 1&quot;/&gt;  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;72&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 1&quot;/&gt;  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;73&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 1&quot;/&gt;  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;60&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 2&quot;/&gt;  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;61&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light List Accent 2&quot;/&gt;  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;62&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 2&quot;/&gt;  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;63&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 2&quot;/&gt;  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;64&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 2&quot;/&gt;  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;65&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 2&quot;/&gt;  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;66&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 2&quot;/&gt;  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;67&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 2&quot;/&gt;  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;68&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 2&quot;/&gt;  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;69&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 2&quot;/&gt;  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;70&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Dark List Accent 2&quot;/&gt;  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;71&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 2&quot;/&gt;  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;72&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 2&quot;/&gt;  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;73&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 2&quot;/&gt;  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;60&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 3&quot;/&gt;  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;61&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light List Accent 3&quot;/&gt;  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;62&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 3&quot;/&gt;  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;63&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 3&quot;/&gt;  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;64&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 3&quot;/&gt;  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;65&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 3&quot;/&gt;  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;66&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 3&quot;/&gt;  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;67&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 3&quot;/&gt;  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;68&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 3&quot;/&gt;  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;69&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 3&quot;/&gt;  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;70&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Dark List Accent 3&quot;/&gt;  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;71&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 3&quot;/&gt;  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;72&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 3&quot;/&gt;  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;73&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 3&quot;/&gt;  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;60&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 4&quot;/&gt;  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;61&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light List Accent 4&quot;/&gt;  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;62&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 4&quot;/&gt;  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;63&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 4&quot;/&gt;  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;64&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 4&quot;/&gt;  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;65&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 4&quot;/&gt;  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;66&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 4&quot;/&gt;  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;67&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 4&quot;/&gt;  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;68&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 4&quot;/&gt;  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;69&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 4&quot;/&gt;  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;70&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Dark List Accent 4&quot;/&gt;  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;71&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 4&quot;/&gt;  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;72&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 4&quot;/&gt;  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;73&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 4&quot;/&gt;  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;60&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 5&quot;/&gt;  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;61&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light List Accent 5&quot;/&gt;  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;62&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 5&quot;/&gt;  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;63&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 5&quot;/&gt;  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;64&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 5&quot;/&gt;  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;65&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 5&quot;/&gt;  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;66&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 5&quot;/&gt;  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;67&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 5&quot;/&gt;  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;68&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 5&quot;/&gt;  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;69&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 5&quot;/&gt;  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;70&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Dark List Accent 5&quot;/&gt;  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;71&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 5&quot;/&gt;  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;72&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 5&quot;/&gt;  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;73&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 5&quot;/&gt;  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;60&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 6&quot;/&gt;  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;61&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light List Accent 6&quot;/&gt;  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;62&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 6&quot;/&gt;  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;63&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 6&quot;/&gt;  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;64&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 6&quot;/&gt;  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;65&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 6&quot;/&gt;  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;66&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 6&quot;/&gt;  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;67&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 6&quot;/&gt;  
        </content>
    </entry>
        <entry>
        <author>
            <name>Ratatosk</name>
            <uri>http://euro-synergies.hautetfort.com/about.html</uri>
        </author>
        <title>Les anciens Romains connaissaient l’Amérique</title>
        <link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://euro-synergies.hautetfort.com/archive/2013/03/18/les-anciens-romains-connaissaient-l-amerique.html" />
        <id>tag:euro-synergies.hautetfort.com,2013-03-23:5019366</id>
        <updated>2013-03-23T00:05:00+01:00</updated>
        <published>2013-03-23T00:05:00+01:00</published>
        <summary>     Les anciens Romains connaissaient l’Amérique: de nouvelles preuves mises...</summary>
        <content type="html" xml:base="http://euro-synergies.hautetfort.com/">
          &lt;p class=&quot;MsoBodyText2&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial black,avant garde; color: #ff6600; font-size: xx-large;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;NL&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;Les anciens Romains connaissaient l’Amérique: de nouvelles preuves mises à jour&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; color: #c0c0c0; font-size: small; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;&quot; lang=&quot;NL&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoBodyText3&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #99cc00; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;&quot; lang=&quot;NL&quot;&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;span&gt;Un examen d’ADN démontre qu’il y avait des semences de tournesol dans les vestiges retrouvés dans l’épave d’un bateau coulé dans le Mer Tyrrhénéenne au II° siècle avant Jésus-Christ. Pourtant on croyait que cette fleur, vénérée par les Incas, avait été importée en Europe par les conquistadores...&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; color: #c0c0c0; font-size: small; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;&quot; lang=&quot;NL&quot;&gt;&lt;em&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoBodyText&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; color: #c0c0c0; font-size: small;&quot; lang=&quot;NL&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;img id=&quot;media-4020970&quot; style=&quot;float: left; margin: 0.2em 1.4em 0.7em 0;&quot; title=&quot;&quot; src=&quot;http://euro-synergies.hautetfort.com/media/00/01/3513899537.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;copertina_romani_II.jpg&quot; /&gt;En somme, on peut croire désormais que bien avant les Vikings, les Romains fréquentaient le continent américain. De nouveaux indices archéologiques convaincants semblent confirmer désormais que les navires romains entretenaient des relations commerciales avec l’Amérique. Elio Cadelo, vulgarisateur scientifique, l’a annoncé lors d’une conférence tenue en marge d’une conférence de presse à Bologne portant sur la série cinématographique archéologique “Storie del Passato”. Le documentaire “Quand les Romains allaient en Amérique” dévoile des choses surprenantes sur les anciennes routes de navigation.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; color: #c0c0c0; font-size: small; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;&quot; lang=&quot;NL&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; color: #c0c0c0; font-size: small; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;&quot; lang=&quot;NL&quot;&gt;Un indice fort probant nous est fourni par une analyse ADN de résidus d’origine végétale (appartenant à une pharmacie du bord) retrouvés dans les restes d’une épave romaine, récupérés le long de la côte toscane. Le naufrage du navire a dû avoir lieu entre 140 et 120 avant JC quand Rome, après avoir détruit Carthage, était devenue la seule superpuissance de la Méditerranée. Sur ce malheureux bateau devait se trouver un médecin, dont le matériel professionnel a pu être retrouvé quasi intact dans l’épave: il y avait là des fioles, des bendelettes, des outils chirurgicaux et des petites boîtes, encore fermées, qui contenaient des pastilles magnifiquement bien conservées et qui constituent aujourd’hui des éléments très précieux pour connaître la pharmacopée de l’antiquité classique.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; color: #c0c0c0; font-size: small; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;&quot; lang=&quot;NL&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; color: #c0c0c0; font-size: small; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;&quot; lang=&quot;NL&quot;&gt;Les nouvelles analyses des fragments d’ADN provenant des végétaux contenus dans les pastilles “ont confirmé l’utilisation, déjà observée, de plusieurs plantes pharmaceutiques, mais deux d’entre elles ont plongé les archéologues dans la perplexité”, a expliqué Cadelo lors de sa communication de Bologne, organisée par “Ancient World Society”. En effet, “on y trouvait de l’ibiscus, qui ne pouvait provenir que de l’Inde ou de l’Ethiopie, et, surtout, des graines de tournesol”.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; color: #c0c0c0; font-size: small; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;&quot; lang=&quot;NL&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; color: #c0c0c0; font-size: small; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;&quot; lang=&quot;NL&quot;&gt;D’après les connaissances communément admises jusqu’ici, le tournesol n’est arrivé en Europe qu’après la conquête espagnole des Amériques. Le premier à avoir décrit la fleur de tournesol fut le conquistador du Pérou, Francisco Pizzaro, qui racontait aussi que les Incas la vénéraient comme l’image de leur divinité solaire. On sait aussi que cette fleur, de dimensions imposantes et fascinante, était cultivée dans les Amériques depuis le début du premier millénaire avant notre ère. Mais on n’en avait trouvé aucune trace dans le Vieux Monde, avant son introduction par les marchands qui furent les premiers à fréquenter les “terres à peine violées” par les conquistadores ibériques.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; color: #c0c0c0; font-size: small; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;&quot; lang=&quot;NL&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; color: #c0c0c0; font-size: small; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;&quot; lang=&quot;NL&quot;&gt;Une autre curiosité s’ajoute à de nombreuses autres, que nous explique le livre de Cadelo qui dresse l’inventaire des trafics commerciaux antiques, inconnus jusqu’ici. Ainsi, cette surprenante découverte d’un bijou raffiné en verre recouvert de feuilles d’or provenant d’ateliers romains de l’ère impériale que l’on a retrouvé dans une tombe princière japonaise, non loin de Kyoto. Il s’agit d’une pièce de verroterie rehaussée d’or que des marchands marins romains emportaient avec eux pour en faire des objets d’échange. Mais on ne doit pas nécessairement penser que ce furent des marchands romains qui l’apportèrent au Japon; ce bijou a très bien pu être échangé en d’autres lieux avant d’arriver en Extrême-Orient. Par ailleurs, on a retrouvé des monnaies romaines lors de fouilles en Corée et même en Nouvelle Zélande. D’autres preuves de la présence en Amérique de navires phéniciens ou romains avaient été décrites dans la première édition du livre de Cadelo, où, entre autres choses, l’auteur dénonce notre ignorance absolue des connaissances astronomiques de nos ancêtres: par exemple, il y a, dans la “Naturalis Historia” de Pline l’Ancien une page peu lue où le naturaliste antique explique que le mouvement de rotation de la Terre autour de son propre axe peut se démontrer par le lever et le coucher du soleil toutes les vingt-quatre heures (près d’un millénaire et demi avant Copernic...). Et Aristote disait être certain que l’on pouvait atteindre l’Inde en naviguant vers l’Ouest: si Christophe Colomb avait pu monter cette page d’Aristote aux Rois catholiques d’Espagne, il se serait épargné bien du mal à les convaincre de lui confier trois caravelles. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; color: #c0c0c0; font-size: small; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;&quot; lang=&quot;NL&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;&quot; lang=&quot;NL&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; color: #c0c0c0; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;(article trouvé sur le site du quotidien italien “Il Giornale”; &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ilgiornale.it/&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #c0c0c0;&quot;&gt;http://www.ilgiornale.it/&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; ).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
        </content>
    </entry>
        <entry>
        <author>
            <name>Ratatosk</name>
            <uri>http://euro-synergies.hautetfort.com/about.html</uri>
        </author>
        <title>Gli antichi Romani conoscevano l'America</title>
        <link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://euro-synergies.hautetfort.com/archive/2013/03/13/gli-antichi-romani-conoscevano-l-america.html" />
        <id>tag:euro-synergies.hautetfort.com,2013-03-14:5014737</id>
        <updated>2013-03-14T00:05:00+01:00</updated>
        <published>2013-03-14T00:05:00+01:00</published>
        <summary>   Gli antichi Romani conoscevano l'America, arrivano nuove prove...</summary>
        <content type="html" xml:base="http://euro-synergies.hautetfort.com/">
          &lt;h1 class=&quot;entry-title&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: xx-large; font-family: arial black,avant garde; color: #ff6600;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Gli antichi Romani conoscevano l'America, arrivano nuove prove&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h1&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;field field-name-field-sommario field-type-text-long field-label-hidden&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;field-items&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;field-item even&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium; font-family: arial black,avant garde; color: #99cc00;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;L'esame del Dna dimostra che ci sono anche semi di girasole nelle pastiglie ritrovate nel relitto di una nave affondata nel Tirreno nel II secolo avanti Cristo. Ma il fiore venerato dagli inca non era stato portato in Europa dai Conquistadores?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium; font-family: arial black,avant garde;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #c0c0c0;&quot;&gt;Ex: http://www.ilgiornale.it/&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;field field-name-body field-type-text-with-summary field-label-hidden&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;field-items&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;field-item even&quot;&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; color: #c0c0c0;&quot;&gt;Insomma, molto prima dei vichinghi, i romani frequentarono l'America. Emergono nuovi, convincenti indizi archeologici sulle antiche frequentazioni commerciali delle Americhe da parte di navi romane: li ha illustrati, in una conferenza a margine della rassegna bolognese di cinema archeologico «Storie dal Passato», il divulgatore scientifico Elio Cadelo, con un'ampia anteprima della nuova edizione del suo libro «Quando i Romani andavano in America», ricco di sorprendenti rivelazioni sulle antiche rotte di navigazione.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; color: #c0c0c0;&quot;&gt; Un indizio dalla robusta forza probatoria si deve alle nuove analisi del Dna dei farmaci fitoterapici rinvenuti in un relitto romano recuperato alle coste toscane: il naufragio avvenne a causa di una tempesta fra il 140 e il 120 avanti Cristo, quando Roma, distrutta Cartagine, era ormai la sola superpotenza del Mediterraneo. Su quella sfortunata nave viaggiava anche un medico, il cui corredo professionale ci è stato restituito dal relitto: fiale, bende, ferri chirurgici e scatolette che, ancora chiuse, contenevano pastiglie molto ben conservate, preziosissime per la conoscenza della farmacopea nell'antichità classica.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; color: #c0c0c0;&quot;&gt; Le nuove analisi dei frammenti di Dna dei vegetali contenuti in quelle pastiglie «hanno confermato l'uso, già noto, di molte piante officinali, tranne due che - ha spiegato Cadelo nella sua relazione alla Rassegna, organizzata da Ancient World Society - hanno destato forte perplessità fra gli studiosi: l'ibisco, che poteva solo provenire da India o Etiopia, e, soprattutto, i semi di girasole».&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; color: #c0c0c0;&quot;&gt; Ma il girasole, secondo le cognizioni fino a ora accettate, arrivò in Europa solo dopo la conquista spagnola delle Americhe: il primo a descriverlo fu il conquistador del Perù Francisco Pizarro, raccontando che gli Inca lo veneravano come l'immagine della loro divinità solare. Di quel fiore imponente e affascinante, poi, si seppe che era coltivato nelle Americhe fin dall'inizio del primo millennio avanti Cristo. Ma ancora non se n'era trovata alcuna traccia nel Vecchio Mondo, prima della sua introduzione a opera dei mercanti per primi frequentarono le terre appena «violate» dai conquistadores iberici.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; color: #c0c0c0;&quot;&gt; È questo un altro tassello che si aggiunge ai moltissimi altri, spiegati nel libro di Cadelo, che documentano traffici commerciali insospettati: come il sorprendente rinvenimento - altra novità - di raffinati gioielli in vetro con foglie d'oro, provenienti da botteghe romane di età imperiale: erano in una tomba principesca giapponese, non lontano da Kyoto. Si tratta di perline che i mercanti navali romani portavano spesso con sé, come oggetto di scambio. Ma non è necessario pensare che fossero proprio romani, i mercanti che le portarono fino in Giappone: quei gioielli potrebbero essere stati scambiati anche su altri approdi, prima di arrivare in Estremo Oriente. Peraltro, monete romane sono state restituite da scavi effettuati anche in Corea e perfino in Nuova Zelanda. Altre prove delle antiche frequentazioni navali americane di Fenici e Romani sono già descritte nella prima edizione del libro di Cadelo, dove - fra l'altro - si sfatano alcune sconcertanti nostre ignoranze sulle cognizioni astronomiche dei nostri antenati: per esempio, c'è una poco frequentata pagina della «Naturalis Historia» di Plinio il Vecchio dove si spiega che il moto di rotazione della Terra attorno al proprio asse è dimostrato dal sorgere e tramontare del Sole ogni 24 ore (un millennio e mezzo prima di Copernico). E Aristotele si diceva certo che fosse possibile raggiungere l'India navigando verso ovest: se Cristoforo Colombo avesse potuto esibire quella pagina aristotelica, si sarebbe risparmiato tanta fatica durata a convincere i regnanti di Spagna a concedergli le tre caravelle.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
        </content>
    </entry>
        <entry>
        <author>
            <name>Ratatosk</name>
            <uri>http://euro-synergies.hautetfort.com/about.html</uri>
        </author>
        <title>The Medieval Norse on Baffin Island</title>
        <link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://euro-synergies.hautetfort.com/archive/2013/02/17/the-medieval-norse-on-baffin-island.html" />
        <id>tag:euro-synergies.hautetfort.com,2013-02-21:4991746</id>
        <updated>2013-02-21T00:05:00+01:00</updated>
        <published>2013-02-21T00:05:00+01:00</published>
        <summary>  The Medieval Norse on Baffin Island    By  Andrew Hamilton      Ex:...</summary>
        <content type="html" xml:base="http://euro-synergies.hautetfort.com/">
          &lt;p id=&quot;BlogTitle&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial black,avant garde; color: #ff6600; font-size: xx-large;&quot;&gt;The Medieval Norse on Baffin Island&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p id=&quot;BlogDate&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial black,avant garde; color: #c0c0c0; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;By &lt;span style=&quot;text-decoration: underline;&quot;&gt;Andrew Hamilton&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial black,avant garde; color: #c0c0c0; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;Ex: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.counter-currents.com/&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #c0c0c0;&quot;&gt;http://www.counter-currents.com/&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div id=&quot;BlogContent&quot;&gt;&lt;div id=&quot;attachment_36374&quot; class=&quot;wp-caption alignright&quot; style=&quot;width: 270px;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.counter-currents.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/02/Christian-Krohg-Leiv-Eriksson-oppdager-Amerika-1893.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;external&quot;&gt;&lt;img class=&quot;size-medium wp-image-36374&quot; src=&quot;http://www.counter-currents.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/02/Christian-Krohg-Leiv-Eriksson-oppdager-Amerika-1893-260x169.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;Christian Krohg, Leiv Eriksson oppdager Amerika (Leif Eriksson Discovers America), 1893 &quot; width=&quot;260&quot; height=&quot;169&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;sup&gt;[&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #ffcc99;&quot;&gt;&lt;em&gt;1]&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;wp-caption-text&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #ffcc99;&quot;&gt;&lt;em&gt;Christian Krohg, Leiv Eriksson oppdager Amerika (Leif Eriksson Discovers America), 1893&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; color: #c0c0c0; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Thanks to the sagas, it has long been known that Vikings reached the North American continent about 1000 AD. But not until the 1960s did archaeological evidence emerge in Newfoundland, Canada to corroborate the written accounts. &lt;!--more--&gt;Until recently, that site provided the only archeological substantiation of the Viking presence, apart from a few Norse artifacts obtained from scattered Eskimo and Indian excavations.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; color: #c0c0c0; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;But in October 2012, after 13 years of field research, Canadian archaeologist Patricia Sutherland, 63, presented findings&amp;nbsp;at a meeting of the Council for Northeast Historical Archaeology in St. John’s, Canada suggesting the presence of a second Viking outpost, on Baffin Island, part of a former Norse region known as Helluland.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #ff6600;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Scandinavian Expansions&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; color: #c0c0c0; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Prior to 1945, Scandinavia experienced three large population expansions resulting in major out-migrations.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; color: #c0c0c0; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;The first caused the Goth migration from Sweden to Germany in the last century BC and the first two centuries AD. The subsequent fall of Rome relieved population pressures throughout the Teutonic world.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; color: #c0c0c0; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;A second baby boom led to the spectacular Viking expansions of 800-1100 AD, almost unimaginable in terms of their geographic scope. Exploration, piracy, plunder, warfare, trade, conquest, and settlement were all integral to this vast out-migration.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; color: #c0c0c0; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Swedes, known as East Vikings, Varangians, and Rus, sailed east across the Baltic and the great continental network of Russian rivers to the Caspian and Black Seas, which they also crossed. They established the first Russian states, Novgorod and Kiev, and commanded and staffed the Eastern Roman Empire’s Varangian Guard, described by William Pierce as “an elite military unit composed entirely of Vikings, the &lt;em&gt;Schutzstaffel&lt;/em&gt; [SS] of its day.”&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; color: #c0c0c0; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Danes swept across England and south over the European continent, including France, the Mediterranean Sea, North Africa, and Asia Minor. As in Russia, the shallow draft of their ships, the most sophisticated seagoing vessels of the day, enabled them to penetrate far inland—in France, as far as Paris.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; color: #c0c0c0; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;To the north and west, Norwegians traveled to the limits of the known world, high above the Arctic Circle from the White Sea in Russia to the edge of the great ice, to Iceland and, on a different continent, Greenland and Canada.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; color: #c0c0c0; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Such was the general directional thrust, though in reality it was more complex.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; color: #c0c0c0; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;For example, &lt;em&gt;King Harald’s Saga&lt;/em&gt;, part of Icelandic chronicler Snorri Sturluson’s &lt;em&gt;Heimskringla&lt;/em&gt; (1230), narrated a legendary Norwegian, not Swedish, leader’s&amp;nbsp;expedition to the East, his marriage to a Rus princess, command of the Varangian Guard, brilliant exploits in Constantinople, Syria, and Sicily, his skaldic achievements as a poet, and his battles in England against Harold Godwinson. The saga king fell at Stamford Bridge in 1066, just a few days before Godwinson himself died at the Battle of Hastings in an attempt to fend off another warrior of Viking descent, William the Conqueror.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; color: #c0c0c0; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Finally, between 1815 and 1939 Scandinavian overpopulation created a net outflow of 2.75 million Norse to the New World—1.25 million Swedes, 850,000 Norwegians, 350,000 Danes, and 250,000 Finns. Relative to size, Norway’s contribution was the largest.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #ff6600;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Iceland and Greenland&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; color: #c0c0c0; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Iceland, a small island just south of the Arctic Circle in the North Atlantic, was settled by the Norse c. 850-875 AD. It lies 570 miles west of Norway, but only 155 miles southeast of Greenland, which in turn is adjacent to Canada.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; color: #c0c0c0; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Until recently the population of Iceland was extremely homogeneous, being almost entirely of Scandinavian and Celtic descent. The Icelandic language remains nearer to the Old Norse of Iceland’s original Viking settlers than it does to other Scandinavian languages. Old Norse literature attained its greatest flowering in Iceland between 1000 and 1350 AD.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; color: #c0c0c0; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;The medieval &lt;em&gt;Landnámabók&lt;/em&gt; (The Book of Settlements) describes in considerable detail the settlement of Iceland in the 9th and 10th centuries&amp;nbsp;AD.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; color: #c0c0c0; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Greenland, the largest island in the world, lies mostly north of the Arctic Circle and is separated from Canada on the west by Davis Strait and Baffin Bay and Iceland on the east by the Denmark Strait. There are numerous islands along its coast, which is deeply indented by fjords. Eighty-five percent of its total area is ice cap.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; color: #c0c0c0; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;The island was discovered and settled about 982 AD by outlaw Norwegian chieftain Eric the Red, father of famed Icelandic-born explorer Leif Ericsson. Greenland was uninhabited at the time of the Norwegians’ arrival—the&amp;nbsp;Eskimos did not&amp;nbsp;migrate to the island until more than 200 years later, c. 1200 AD.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; color: #c0c0c0; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;In the 1200s the island fell under Norwegian and, subsequently Danish, rule. The colonists mysteriously disappeared around 1435, possibly due to a climate change known as the Little Ice Age. Archaeological remains and written records indicate malnourishment among the dwindling number of white inhabitants. The last written records of the Norse Greenlanders pertain to a 1408 wedding in HvalseyChurch, today the best-preserved Norse ruins in Greenland.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; color: #c0c0c0; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenland_saga&quot; rel=&quot;external&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #c0c0c0;&quot;&gt;Grœnlendinga Saga&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;sup&gt;[2]&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/em&gt; and &lt;em&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eir%25C3%25ADks_saga_rau%25C3%25B0a&quot; rel=&quot;external&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #c0c0c0;&quot;&gt;Eiríks Saga&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;sup&gt;[3]&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/em&gt; are the primary written accounts of the discovery and settlement of Greenland and, in North America, Helluland (“Flat Stone Land”—Baffin Island), Markland (“Woodland”—Labrador), and Vinland (“Wineland”—Newfoundland), all in present-day Canada.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div id=&quot;attachment_36375&quot; class=&quot;wp-caption aligncenter&quot; style=&quot;width: 370px;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; color: #c0c0c0; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.counter-currents.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/02/Iceland-Greenland-Helluland-Markland-Vinland.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;external&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #c0c0c0;&quot;&gt;&lt;img class=&quot;size-full wp-image-36375&quot; src=&quot;http://www.counter-currents.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/02/Iceland-Greenland-Helluland-Markland-Vinland.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;Iceland, Greenland, Helluland, Markland, Vinland&quot; width=&quot;360&quot; height=&quot;239&quot; /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #ffcc99;&quot;&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;sup&gt;[4]&lt;/sup&gt; &lt;/em&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;wp-caption-text&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #ffcc99;&quot;&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Iceland, Greenland, Helluland, Markland, Vinland&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #ff6600;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;The Vikings in North America&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; color: #c0c0c0; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;In North America the Norsemen encountered a race they called “skraelings.” The sagas describe them as “short people with threatening features and tangled hair on their heads . . . large eyes and broad cheeks.” The Smithsonian Institution states that although the exact meaning of “skraeling” is unclear, “it was certainly a derogatory term.”&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; color: #c0c0c0; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;In fact, the Norse encountered not only different tribes but, in all probability, both Eskimos (Inuit) and Indians, though the records provide only a single name for all these groups.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; color: #c0c0c0; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;In the 1960s a Norwegian husband and wife team, Helge Ingstad and Anne Stine Ingstad, discovered and excavated a Viking base camp at L’Anse aux Meadows on the northern tip of Newfoundland, the first archaeologically confirmed Viking outpost in the Americas. It pre-dated the voyages of Christopher Columbus and John Cabot by 500 years. Dated to between 989 and 1020 AD, the camp boasted three Viking halls and an assortment of huts for weaving, iron-working, and ship repair.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; color: #c0c0c0; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;L’Anse aux Meadows was not Vinland, but&amp;nbsp;rather situated &lt;em&gt;within&lt;/em&gt; a land called Vinland&amp;nbsp;extending south from L’Anse aux Meadows&amp;nbsp;to the St. Lawrence River and New Brunswick. The outpost served as a winter camp and base for expeditions.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; color: #c0c0c0; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;In the 50 years since the discovery of the thousand-year-old settlement, archaeologists and amateur historians have unsuccessfully combed North America’s east coast searching for further traces of Viking visitors.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; color: #c0c0c0; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Finally, in October and November 2012, it was reported that archaeologist Patricia Sutherland, adjunct professor of archeology at Memorial University in Newfoundland and a research fellow at the University of Aberdeen in Scotland, had announced new archaeological evidence strongly supporting the presence of a second Viking outpost on Baffin Island.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; color: #c0c0c0; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Sutherland was alerted to the possibility of a Norse camp in 1999, when she discovered two unusual pieces of cord excavated from a Baffin Island site by an earlier archaeologist and stored at the Canadian Museum of Civilization in Gatineau, Quebec, where she worked.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; color: #c0c0c0; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Rather than consisting of twisted animal sinew, the cords were expertly woven Viking yarn identical to yarn produced by Viking women in Greenland in the 14th century.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; color: #c0c0c0; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Sutherland scoured other museums, finding more pieces of Viking yarn and a small trove of previously overlooked Viking gear including wooden tally sticks for recording trade transactions and dozens of Viking whetstones.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; color: #c0c0c0; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;The specimens derived from four sites located across a thousand miles of territory extending from northern Baffin Island to northern Labrador. The sites belonged to the &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorset_culture&quot; rel=&quot;external&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #c0c0c0;&quot;&gt;Dorset culture&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;sup&gt;[5]&lt;/sup&gt;, an extinct Paleo-Eskimo people.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; color: #c0c0c0; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;From the artifacts at Dorset sites, Sutherland conjectured the Eskimos had traded with Vikings, which of course may be true. But, as&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.counter-currents.com/2012/02/debunking-another-lie/&quot; rel=&quot;external&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #c0c0c0;&quot;&gt; archeologist Lawrence H. Keeley has impudently pointed out&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;sup&gt;[6]&lt;/sup&gt;, items found in this manner can just as easily represent the spoils of war.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; color: #c0c0c0; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;The archaeologist focused on&amp;nbsp;the most promising of the four sites, Tanfield Valley on the southeast coast of Baffin Island. There, in the 1960s, a&amp;nbsp;US archaeologist named Moreau Maxwell had excavated parts of a stone-and-sod building&amp;nbsp;which he described&amp;nbsp;as “very difficult to interpret.” She believed the site might have been occupied by different cultures at different times, raising the possibility that the enigmatic stone ruins, which&amp;nbsp;bear a striking resemblance to Viking buildings in Greenland, were European.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; color: #c0c0c0; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Since 2001, Sutherland’s team has been carefully excavating the site, where they have discovered a wide range of artifacts pointing to the presence of European seafarers: pelt fragments from Old World rats; a whalebone shovel similar to those used by Viking settlers in Greenland to cut sod; large stones that appear to have been cut and shaped by European stone masons; and more Viking yarn and whetstones.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; color: #c0c0c0; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Using energy dispersive spectroscopy, the team examined wear grooves on more than 20 whetstones, detecting microscopic streaks of bronze, brass, and smelted iron—evidence of European metallurgy.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; color: #c0c0c0; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;After 13 years of careful research, the weight of the evidence placed European traders on Baffin Island sometime between&amp;nbsp;1000–1300 AD.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; color: #c0c0c0; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;“The Norse were here over a long period of time,” Sutherland said. “There were Europeans on the site,&amp;nbsp;no question about that. I think we’ve only just begun to delve into what the Norse were doing there, and we’ve just got the beginning of the story.”&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div id=&quot;attachment_36376&quot; class=&quot;wp-caption aligncenter&quot; style=&quot;width: 560px;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; color: #c0c0c0; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.counter-currents.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/02/Archeologist-Pat-Sutherland-on-Baffin-Island.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;external&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #c0c0c0;&quot;&gt;&lt;img class=&quot;size-full wp-image-36376&quot; src=&quot;http://www.counter-currents.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/02/Archeologist-Pat-Sutherland-on-Baffin-Island.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;Archeologist Pat Sutherland on Baffin Island&quot; width=&quot;550&quot; height=&quot;354&quot; /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #ffcc99;&quot;&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;sup&gt;[7]&lt;/sup&gt; &lt;/em&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #ffcc99;&quot;&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Archeologist Pat Sutherland on Baffin Island&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #ff6600;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Viking Project “Derailed”&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; color: #c0c0c0; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Besides her teaching jobs, Dr. Sutherland had been associated with the Museum of Civilization in Gatineau, Quebec for 28 years. Twelve years ago she was hired to run the Helluland archeology project. Recently she served as the Museum’s curator of Arctic Archeology.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; color: #c0c0c0; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;The Museum is a major institution—Canada’s largest national museum, a significant research establishment, and one of North America’s oldest cultural organizations. It is situated on the Ottawa River across from the Canadian Parliament.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; color: #c0c0c0; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;In 1910&amp;nbsp;Jewish anthropologist and linguist Edward Sapir was appointed the first anthropologist in its newly formed anthropology division upon the recommendation&amp;nbsp;of American German-Jewish anthropologist Franz Boas.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; color: #c0c0c0; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Until 1986 the Museum was known as the Museum of Man, but after Left-wing elites denounced the name as “gender biased,” it was changed to the Museum of Civilization. It will soon change again to th
        </content>
    </entry>
        <entry>
        <author>
            <name>Ratatosk</name>
            <uri>http://euro-synergies.hautetfort.com/about.html</uri>
        </author>
        <title>1421: The Year China Discovered America?</title>
        <link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://euro-synergies.hautetfort.com/archive/2012/10/23/1421-the-year-china-discovered-america.html" />
        <id>tag:euro-synergies.hautetfort.com,2012-11-03:4874857</id>
        <updated>2012-11-03T00:05:00+01:00</updated>
        <published>2012-11-03T00:05:00+01:00</published>
        <summary>  1421: The Year China Discovered America?    Part 1:         Part 2:      </summary>
        <content type="html" xml:base="http://euro-synergies.hautetfort.com/">
          &lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;eow-title&quot; class=&quot; &quot; style=&quot;font-family: arial black,avant garde; color: #ff6600; font-size: x-large;&quot; title=&quot;1421: The Year China Discovered America? {1 of 2}&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;1421: The Year China Discovered America?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot; &quot; style=&quot;font-family: arial black,avant garde; color: #ff6600; font-size: x-large;&quot; title=&quot;1421: The Year China Discovered America? {1 of 2}&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Part 1: &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;iframe width=&quot;560&quot; height=&quot;315&quot; style=&quot;display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;&quot; src=&quot;http://www.youtube.com/embed/LBMXoPtPtTw&quot; frameborder=&quot;0&quot; allowfullscreen=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;/iframe&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial black,avant garde; color: #ff6600; font-size: x-large;&quot;&gt;Part 2:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;iframe width=&quot;560&quot; height=&quot;315&quot; style=&quot;display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;&quot; src=&quot;http://www.youtube.com/embed/ocUIzwMPbx4&quot; frameborder=&quot;0&quot; allowfullscreen=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;/iframe&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
        </content>
    </entry>
        <entry>
        <author>
            <name>Ratatosk</name>
            <uri>http://euro-synergies.hautetfort.com/about.html</uri>
        </author>
        <title>Solutreans Are Indigenous Americans</title>
        <link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://euro-synergies.hautetfort.com/archive/2012/10/23/solutreans-are-indigenous-americans.html" />
        <id>tag:euro-synergies.hautetfort.com,2012-11-02:4874851</id>
        <updated>2012-11-02T00:05:00+01:00</updated>
        <published>2012-11-02T00:05:00+01:00</published>
        <summary>  Solutreans Are Indigenous Americans    &amp;nbsp;    </summary>
        <content type="html" xml:base="http://euro-synergies.hautetfort.com/">
          &lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;eow-title&quot; class=&quot; &quot; style=&quot;font-family: arial black,avant garde; color: #ff6600; font-size: xx-large;&quot; title=&quot;Solutreans Are Indigenous Americans&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Solutreans Are Indigenous Americans&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&quot; &quot; title=&quot;Solutreans Are Indigenous Americans&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;iframe width=&quot;560&quot; height=&quot;315&quot; style=&quot;display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;&quot; src=&quot;http://www.youtube.com/embed/kNTXCMYjwEk&quot; frameborder=&quot;0&quot; allowfullscreen=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;/iframe&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
        </content>
    </entry>
        <entry>
        <author>
            <name>Ratatosk</name>
            <uri>http://euro-synergies.hautetfort.com/about.html</uri>
        </author>
        <title>Petites réflexions éparses sur la découverte de l’Amérique par les Scandinaves</title>
        <link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://euro-synergies.hautetfort.com/archive/2011/10/04/petites-reflexions-eparses-sur-la-decouverte-de-l-amerique-p.html" />
        <id>tag:euro-synergies.hautetfort.com,2011-10-20:3807903</id>
        <updated>2011-10-20T00:05:00+02:00</updated>
        <published>2011-10-20T00:05:00+02:00</published>
        <summary> &amp;nbsp;       Robert STEUCKERS:      Petites réflexions éparses sur la...</summary>
        <content type="html" xml:base="http://euro-synergies.hautetfort.com/">
          &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;img id=&quot;media-3228399&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.7em 0pt;&quot; title=&quot;&quot; src=&quot;http://euro-synergies.hautetfort.com/media/00/00/713740419.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;map2.jpg&quot; /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #c0c0c0; font-family: arial black,avant garde; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;NL&quot;&gt;Robert STEUCKERS:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoBodyText2&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #ff6600; font-family: arial black,avant garde; font-size: xx-large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;NL&quot;&gt;Petites réflexions éparses sur la découverte de l’Amérique par les Scandinaves&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #c0c0c0;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;&quot; lang=&quot;NL&quot;&gt;En me demandant d’écrire un petit article sur la découverte de l’Amérique par les Scandinaves, Bernard Levaux, sans aucune intention maligne, ouvre, une fois de plus, ma secrète boîte de souvenirs d’adolescent. C’est une fois de plus parce que l’article qu’Yves Debay a écrit récemment dans les colonnes de ce bulletin, avait déjà ravivé quelques bons et solides souvenirs car ce sacré Yves Debay était un camarade d’école, forcément inoubliable vu sa personnalité, et un compagnon de voyage en Grèce en 1973. Enfin, parce que le thème que Bernard Levaux me demande d’aborder me ramène en fait à la même année: &lt;em&gt;The Vinland Saga – The Norse Discovery of America&lt;/em&gt; est le tout premier livre sérieux, le tout premier classique, que j’ai acheté en anglais, sans vraiment connaître encore tous les secrets de la langue de Shakespeare. Généralement, en anglais, j’achetais en temps-là des livres ou des revues sur les maquettes d’avions ou de chars, comportant profils ou guides de peinture. A cette époque, j’avais la même habitude que le Professeur Piet Tommissen, dont on vient de déplorer la disparition à Bruxelles en août 2011, celle d’inscrire la date d’achat de chaque livre sur un coin de la première page. C’est donc avec émotion que j’ai repris entre mes mains de quinquagénaire ce premier bon livre anglais de ma bibliothèque et que j’ai retrouvé la mention “20 Jan. 1973”. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #c0c0c0;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;&quot; lang=&quot;NL&quot;&gt;Ce petit livre de la collection “Penguin Classics”, à dos noir, voulait compléter l’exposé, fait un an auparavant, d’un camarade de classe, Eric Volant, passionné par la saga des Vikings. Si Debay a connu une brillante carrière de soldat puis de journaliste militaire à “Raids” ou à “Assaut”, Eric Volant, lui, a connu un destin tragique et n’a vécu que vingt ans: ce garçon, au sourire toujours doux et franc, les joues constellées de taches de rousseur, désirait ardemment devenir historien. Et se préparait à un tel avenir. Mais rapidement, le couperet est tombé: son paternel refusait de lui financer des études. A 18 ans, au boulot! Et hors de la maison! Eric est devenu sombre: son éternel sourire s’est effacé. Son ressort intérieur était brisé. Du jour au lendemain, il est devenu communiste! Nous ne pensions pas que le père allait mettre son projet à exécution et flanquer son aîné à la porte du foyer parental au lendemain même de la proclamation de fin de secondaires. Mais, hélas, il l’a bel et bien fait et Eric est venu sonner chez moi début juillet: il avait trouvé un cagibi absolument sordide, au fond d’une cours, où habiter. Il n’avait pas de meubles, juste un sac avec ses hardes et quelques livres: mon père, bouleversé, lui a aussitôt donné une table, une bibliothèque, deux chaises et quelques autres babioles, que nous avons amenées aussitôt dans la triste annexe qui devait lui servir de logis. On l’a ensuite vu errer dans les rues, de plus en plus sombre et rancuneux. Et, deux ou trois ans plus tard, nous avons appris sa mort tragique: il s’était porté volontaire pour servir de passeur à l’ETA basque, que les Républicains espagnols, fort nombreux dans son quartier et quasi les seuls militants communistes dans le Bruxelles du début des années 70, estimaient être la seule force politique capable de ramener une mouture modernisée du “Frente Popular” au pouvoir dans les premières années du post-franquisme. Eric a été descendu par des tireurs embusqués, au moment où il franchissait un ruisseau dans les Pyrénées. On a retrouvé son corps quelques jours plus tard. Il a été enterré à la sauvette, paraît-il, dans un petit village basque. Personne n’a voulu rapatrier le corps. Nous avions perdu un garçon qui avait été un très bon camarade. Il avait marché jusqu’au bout de la passion qu’avait généré son immense déception.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #c0c0c0;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;&quot; lang=&quot;NL&quot;&gt;Voilà, je viens de payer mes dettes à mon passé, à ceux qui ont disparu.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #c0c0c0;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;&quot; lang=&quot;NL&quot;&gt;Revenons au thème du modeste exposé scolaire d’Eric Volant, c’est-à-dire à la conquête de l’Atlantique Nord par les Scandinaves. Aujourd’hui, on devine qu’ils ne furent pas les premiers Européens à avoir abordé le continent de l’hémisphère occidentale. Déjà Louis Kervran, dans son “Brandan, le grand navigateur celte du VI° siècle” (Laffont, 1977), posait la thèse que les Scandinaves, lancés à l’aventure sur les flots glacés de l’Atlantique Nord et tous probablement proscrits ou en fuite, ont suivi des routes maritimes découvertes antérieurement par des ermites irlandais ou bretons, qui s’en allaient méditer aux Orcades, aux Féroé, en Islande et, pourquoi pas, plus loin, au Labrador, ou sur les terres que les Vikings nommeront “Helluland”, “Markland” ou “Vinland”. On retrouve leur nom sur une carte des “terres hyperboréennes”, dressée vers 1590 par un géographe, Sigurdur Stefansson. Louis Kervran rappelait fort opportunément que les peuples de la façade atlantique des Gaules et de la “Britannia” romaine possédaient une solide tradition maritime et que les multiples récits des voyages de Saint Brandan ont constitué une thématique littéraire très répandue et très appréciée tout au long du moyen âge européen. Kervran conclut que Brandan a très problablement suivi un itinéraire de Saint Malo ou de l’Irlande vers les Orcades et les Féroé, l’Islande, les côtes canadiennes pour aboutir probablement aux Antilles: certains textes de la matière “Brandan” décrivent des îles luxuriantes et des animaux exotiques. La légende rappelle, très précisément, que Brandan est parti avec douze compagnons pour entreprendre un voyage de neuf ans sur l’Atlantique. Par ailleurs les pêcheurs de morue poussaient très vraisemblablement jusqu’au large du Labrador, qu’ils aient été scandinaves, flamands, bretons, galiciens ou portugais. Colomb connaissait-il les secrets de ces pêcheurs ou de ces itinéraires scandinaves? La question demeure ouverte. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #c0c0c0;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;&quot; lang=&quot;NL&quot;&gt;Pour les deux spécialistes allemands de l’ère mégalithique, Gert Meier et Hermann Zschweigert, Ulysse, dont la légende remonterait à la proto-histoire mégalithique de la vieille Europe, aurait déjà testé les flots atlantiques: en cinglant de Gibraltar vers les Açores (l’île Ogygie) et, poussé par le Gulf Stream de celles-ci vers Heligoland, il aurait abouti en face des côtes aujourd’hui danoises qui recelaient l’ambre, matière très prisée par les peuples méditerranéens. L’histoire marine de l’Europe, pour nos deux savants allemands, est bien plus ancienne qu’on ne l’a cru jusqu’ici. Les embarcations faites de peaux pourraient bien remonter à 10.000 ans. En 1976, l’historien anglais Tim Severin traverse l’Atlantique sur une copie du bateau attribué à Brandan, démontrant que de telles embarcations étaient parfaitement capables de tenir l’océan, exactement comme le Norvégien Thor Heyerdahl avait traversé le Pacifique sur le Kon-Tiki en 1947, pour démontrer la véracité des récits traditionnels polynésiens et prouver que des peuples marins de l’aire pacifique avaient été capables de cingler jusqu’à l’île de Pâques. Les Maoris néo-zélandais construisaient des embarcations capables de transporter de 60 à 100 guerriers, couvrant parfois des distances de 4000 km en l’espace de plusieurs semaines. Ces embarcations étaient mues par rames et/ou par voiles. L’aventurier allemand Hannes Lindemann a réussi à traverser l’Atlantique au départ des Canaries en 65 puis en 72 jours, sur un petit bateau africain, en se guidant par les étoiles: la navigation en haute mer étant plus aisée de nuit que de jour, du moins à hauteur des tropiques et de l’Equateur (au nord, vu la nébulosité permanente, elle est plus “empirique” donc plus hasardeuse et plus aventureuse, plus risquée). Nos ancêtres avaient un atout complémentaire par rapport à nous, dégénérés par la civilisation et par ce que le sociologue Arnold Gehlen nommait les “expériences de seconde main”: celui de pouvoir correctement s’orienter en connaissant à fond la carte du ciel. Le lien de l’homme à la mer n’est pas récent mais quasi consubstantiel à toute forme de culture depuis la préhistoire. Mais ce lien à la mer n’est pas pensable sans connaissances astronomiques précises, fruit d’une observation minutieuse du ciel.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #c0c0c0;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;&quot; lang=&quot;NL&quot;&gt;Meier et Zschweigert évoquent aussi la voie “terrestre” vers l’Amérique, qu’il était possible d’emprunter, il y a environ 16.000 ans. La calotte glaciaire pesait à l’époque sur l’ensemble de la Scandinavie, sur une bonne partie des Iles Britanniques et sur tout le pourtour de la Baltique et sur l’Allemagne du Nord. L’actuel Canada et une bonne frange du territoire des Etats-Unis se trouvaient aussi sous une épaisse calotte. Mais la côte orientale de la Mer Blanche et l’Alaska étaient dégagés de l’emprise des glaces. Il y avait possibilité, en longeant la banquise arctique et en passant de la Sibérie occidentale à la péninsule de Kola, d’aller vers les Spitzbergen et, de là, au Groenland. Au nord de cette grande île atlanto-arctique se trouvait le “Pont Blanc” qui menait au Canada puis à la terre ferme et dégagée des glaces que constituait alors l’Alaska. On pouvait suivre ensuite la côte pacifique jusqu’en Californie et au Mexique actuels. De la Mer Blanche à l’Alaska, la distance est de 2500 km. Elle devait s’effectuer en 60 jours environ. Selon cette hypothèse, désormais dûment étayée, l’Amérique n’a pas seulement été peuplée par des ethnies sibériennes venues du nord de l’Asie par le Détroit de Bering mais aussi par des éléments venus d’Europe, encore difficilement identifiables au regard des critères de l’archéologie scientifique. Comment cette migration par le “Pont Blanc” s’est-elle opérée avant les nombreuses submersions qui eurent lieu vers 8500 avant notre ère et qui détruisirent notamment la barrière Tanger/Trafalgar et la bande territoriale qui liait l’Italie et la Sicile au continent africain, faisant du lac méditerranéen initial une mer salée? Ces voyages s’effectuaient par traineaux à traction canine, à la mode lapone, le chien étant l’animal domestique par excellence, la première conquête de l’homme; ou ne devrait-on pas plutôt parler d’une fusion “amicale” entre deux espèces morphologiquement très différentes pour que toutes deux puissent survivre en harmonie? Le chien est effectivement un allié dans la chasse, un chauffage central qui chauffe en hiver (les Aborigènes australiens parlent de “five-dogs-nights”, de nuits où il faut cinq chiens pour chauffer un homme; l’expression est passée dans l’anglais moderne), un pharmacien qui lèche les plaies et les guérit vu l’acidité de sa salive, un gardien et un compagnon, qui, en guise de récompense, reçoit les reliefs des repas.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #c0c0c0;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;&quot; lang=&quot;NL&quot;&gt;Magnus Magnusson et Hermann Pàlsson ont rédigé une brillante introduction pour mon petit livre de 1973, qui n’est autre que le texte même de la “Vinland Saga”, de la saga du voyage vers le Vinland américain. Cette introduction relate l’histoire de la colonisation scandinave de l’Islande et du Groenland et retrace l’épopée nord-atlantique des marins norvégiens et islandais. La colonisation de l’Islande s’est déroulée à la suite de l’émigration de proscrits norvégiens, chassés pour “avoir provoqué mort d’homme”, à la suite de méchantes manigances ou pour raisons d’honneur voire pour refus d’être christianisés. Celle du Groenland procède de la même logique: Eirik le Rouge est banni d’Islande au 10ème siècle. Il fonde les premières colonies scandinaves du Groenland. Un marin prudent, Bjarni Herjolfsson, dévié par les vents et les éléments déchaînés de sa route entre l’Islande et le Groenland, aperçoit les côtes de terres inconnues vers 985 ou 986. Leif Eirikson, dit Leif l’Heureux, achète le dernier bateau survivant de l’expédition incomplète et chamboulée de Bjarni et décide de partir à la découverte des terres aperçues au loin par son prédécesseur. C’est ainsi que fut découvert le “Vinland”, terre sur la rive méridionale du Saint-Laurent, où les explorateurs nordiques ne découvrent pas seulement une baie qui ressemble au raisin mais surtout la principale matière première dont ils ont besoin, le bois, ainsi que du gibier en abondance, du saumon à profusion et du blé sauvage prêt à être récolté. Leif ne restera pas en Amérique: c’est son beau-frère Thorfinn Karlsefni qui tentera d’installer une première colonie permanente sur le sol américain. Thorfinn fait le voyage accompagné de sa femme. Elle met un bébé au monde sur la terre américaine. Mais elle meurt peu après l’accouchement. Thorfinn passe l’hiver avec l’enfant qu’il parvient à sauver de la mort. Ce petit Snorri Thorfinnson a probablement été le premier Européen attesté et non mêlé d’Amérindien ou d’Esquimau à avoir vu le jour dans l’hémisphère occidental. Quant à Thorvald, fils d’Eirik, il est un des premiers Européens tombés au combat face aux natifs du continent américain: il a été frappé d’une flèche en défendant une implantation dans l’actuel Labrador canadien.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #c0c0c0;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;&quot; lang=&quot;NL&quot;&gt;L’âge viking, l’ère en laquelle les Normands se répandirent en Europe, en Russie jusqu’au comptoir de Bolgar sur la Volga et dans l’espace nord-atlantique, est une époque où l’Europe ne connaît plus la gloire de l’Empire romain: en ce temps-là, nous explique le Prof. Roger Grand, le trop-plein démographique scandinave descendait calmement la Weser germanique, jusqu’à hauteur du premier grand affluent du Rhin, la Lippe, pour aller se présenter dans les &lt;em&gt;castra&lt;/em&gt; des légions de l’Urbs et trouver une affectation militaire ou civile dans l’Empire. La chute de l’Empire romain interdit cette transhumance: la masse démographique germanique-continentale s’est déplacée à l’intérieur de l’Empire, dans les &lt;em&gt;provinciae&lt;/em&gt; de Germania Inferior et Germania Superior et dans le nord de la Gallia Belgica, voire dans la vallée du Rhône pour les Burgondes, installés principalement dans la “Sapaudia” (la terre des sapins) jurassienne, entre Besançon et le lac de Neuchâtel selon l’axe Ouest-Est, et entre Belfort et Grenoble, selon l’axe nord-est/sud-ouest. L’Europe est trop pleine et, en plus, elle est désorganisée. Les Germains continentaux n’ont plus d’affectations à offrir à leurs cousins du Nord. L’Europe est dangereusement ouverte sur la steppe qui s’étend de la Puszta hongroise jusqu’à la Mandchourie. Entre le Danube à hauteur de Vienne et l’Atlantique, les populations romanisées et germanisées sont acculées, dos à l’Océan, d’où les Nordiques viennent pour remonter leur fleuves et piller leurs villes et abbayes. En Méditerranée, elles sont harcelées par le débordement démographique sarrazin, c’est-à-dire hamito-sémitique. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #c0c0c0;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;&quot; lang=&quot;NL&quot;&gt;La recherche d’échappatoires est donc une nécessité vitale: la Russie offre un tremplin vers la Mer Noire et l’espace byzantin et, via la Volga, vers la Caspienne et l’Empire perse. Mais, là aussi, l’élément scandinave, finalement trop ténu, ne pourra pas, comme avaient partiellement pu le faire avant eux les tribus gothiques, maîtriser le cours des grands fleuves russes et ukrainiens pour avancer les pions des populations européennes vers l’espace persan. La seule route pour trouver terres, matières premières et espaces apaisés est celle de l’Atlantique septentrional. Cette donnée stratégique est une constante de l’histoire européenne: elle sera reprise par Henri le Navigateur, roi du Portugal, désireux de contourner la masse continentale africaine pour éviter la Méditerranée contrôlée par les puissances musulmanes et atteindre l’Inde par voie maritime et non plus terrestre. Elle sera reprise par Ivan le Terrible quand il descendera la Volga pour l’arracher au joug tatar, sous les conseils d’un marchand anglais, qui n’avait pas oublié la route varègue (suédoise) vers le comptoir de Bolgar, vers la Caspienne et l’espace persan. Les recettes norroises et varègues ont donc servi de source d’inspiration aux tentatives européennes, en l’occurence portugaises et russes, de désenclaver l’Europe. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #c0c0c0;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;&quot; lang=&quot;NL&quot;&gt;La première tentative de désenclavement par l’Ouest atlantique a donc été celui du quatuor Bjarni, Eirik, Leif et Thorsinn. Elle est importante dans la mesure où les marins scandinaves, paysans sans terre à la recherche d’un patrimoine, cherchent non plus à fusionner avec d’autres sur une terre étrangère, comme le fut peut-être la Normandie, mais à créer des communautés scandinaves homogènes sur des sols nouveaux. Ce sera le cas en Islande, où les colonies se sont maintenues. Ce sera le cas au Groenland, du moins tant que durera l’optimum climatique médiéval. L’installation en Amérique, dans “l’Anse aux Meadows” sera, elle, éphémère: elle se heurtera à la résistance des indigènes d’Amérique du Nord, les “Skraelinger” des sagas, que les Scandinaves ne pourront vaincre, en dépit de la supériorité de leurs armes en fer. Les “Skraelinger” disposaient d’armes de jet, des arcs mais aussi une sorte de catapulte ou de balliste, qui leur permettaient de tenir tête à des guerriers dotés d’armes de fer mais qui ne disposaient plus, au Groenland, de forges et de mines capables d’en produir
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        <entry>
        <author>
            <name>Ratatosk</name>
            <uri>http://euro-synergies.hautetfort.com/about.html</uri>
        </author>
        <title>Il collasso delle colonie norvegesi in Groenlandia</title>
        <link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://euro-synergies.hautetfort.com/archive/2011/09/26/il-collasso-delle-colonie-norvegesi-in-groenlandia.html" />
        <id>tag:euro-synergies.hautetfort.com,2011-10-02:3795385</id>
        <updated>2011-10-02T00:05:00+02:00</updated>
        <published>2011-10-02T00:05:00+02:00</published>
        <summary>  Il collasso delle colonie norvegesi in Groenlandia    Autore:   Francesco...</summary>
        <content type="html" xml:base="http://euro-synergies.hautetfort.com/">
          &lt;h2 style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: xx-large; font-family: arial black,avant garde; color: #ff6600;&quot;&gt;Il collasso delle colonie norvegesi in Groenlandia&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium; font-family: arial black,avant garde; color: #c0c0c0;&quot;&gt;Autore: &lt;a title=&quot;Articoli scritti da: Francesco Lamendola&quot; href=&quot;http://www.centrostudilaruna.it/autore/francesco-lamendola/&quot; rel=&quot;author&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #c0c0c0;&quot;&gt;Francesco Lamendola&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium; font-family: arial black,avant garde; color: #c0c0c0;&quot;&gt;Ex: http://www.centrostudilaruna.it/&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; color: #c0c0c0;&quot;&gt;Una pagina di storia particolarmente interessante dal punto di vista dell’equilibrio fra società umane e ambiente naturale è quella relativa alla fallita colonizzazione scandinava della Groenlandia, terminata con l’abbandono dei due insediamenti, occidentale (Vestribyggd) e orientale (Eystribyggd), posti, in realtà, entramibi sulla costa occidentale della grande isola, l’uno più a nord, l’altro più a sud, presso il Capo Farewell. A metà strada fra i due esisteva un terzo insediamento, molto più piccolo, che si può chiamare Insediamento medio. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; color: #c0c0c0;&quot;&gt;Le fonti storiche scandinave sono incerte e confuse, per cui la fine di queste tre colonie europee, poste letteralmente all’estremità del mondo allora conosciuto, rimane a tutt’oggi avvolta nel mistero. Non sappiamo se vennero distrutte dagli Eschimesi, chiamati Skraeling dai coloni norreni, o se scomparvero per una serie di cause legate ai mutamenti climatici che, fra il 1200 e il 1600, videro in tutto l’emisfero boreale il ritorno di una ‘piccola età dei ghiacci’, come è stata chiamata da alcuni scienziati. Oltre ad impoverire ulteriormente le già magre risorse ambientali, dalle quali dipendeva la sopravvivenza dei coloni, l’espansione dei ghiacci rese assai più difficili le rotte marittime nei mari settentrionali e fece sì, che a poco a poco, cessarono di partire dalla Norvegia le navi che avrebbero dovuto assicurare i collegamenti con quell’estremo avamposto europeo.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; color: #c0c0c0;&quot;&gt;Certo è che, abbandonati a se stessi, i coloni norvegesi scomparvero.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; color: #c0c0c0;&quot;&gt;Le testimonianze letterarie dicono che gli abitanti dell’insediamento occidentale finirono per abbandonare la &lt;a title=&quot;religione&quot; href=&quot;http://www.centrostudilaruna.it/sezioni/temi/religione/&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #c0c0c0;&quot;&gt;religione&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; cristiana, probabilmente per adottare quella degli Eschimesi, con i quali, evidentemente, dovette esservi una fusione, o, quanto meno, un tentativo di convivenza pacifica, dopo una fase certamente cruenta, in cui i due popoli vennero a contatto per la prima volta. Va ricordato, infatti, che il peggioramento delle condizioni climatiche indusse gli Eschimesi a spingersi verso sud, inseguendo la loro preda preferita, la foca, dalla quale dipendevano totalmente (un po’ come gli Indiani del Nord America dipendevano dal bisonte).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div id=&quot;attachment_8346&quot; class=&quot;wp-caption aligncenter&quot; style=&quot;width: 310px; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; color: #c0c0c0;&quot;&gt;&lt;img class=&quot;size-medium wp-image-8346&quot; title=&quot;Mappa della Groenlandia del XVII secolo&quot; src=&quot;http://www.centrostudilaruna.it/wp-content/uploads/Greenland_Map_17th_century-425x197-300x139.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;Mappa della Groenlandia del XVII secolo&quot; width=&quot;300&quot; height=&quot;139&quot; /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;wp-caption-text&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; color: #c0c0c0;&quot;&gt;Mappa della Groenlandia del XVII secolo&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; color: #c0c0c0;&quot;&gt;Quanto all’insediamento orientale, che sopravvisse più a lungo – anche perché era assai più consistente -, le testimonianze archeologiche indicano che gli ultimi norvegesi vennero seppelliti secondo il rito cristiano, indossando i loro migliori abiti; per cui si sarebbe portati a credere che, in quel caso, non vi fu alcuna assimilazione da parte dell’elemento indigeno; della quale, del resto, non v’è traccia neanche dal punto di vista antropologico fra gli Eschimesi o Inuit attuali. Nulla, infatti, indica che le due stirpi si siano mescolate: nessun carattere fisico degli Scandinavi, per quanto sporadico, è osservabile negli Eschimesi odierni.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; color: #c0c0c0;&quot;&gt;Sempre le testimonianze archeologiche attestano che l’insediamento occidentale fu occupato dagli Eschimesi a partire dal 1341, per cui la fine della colonia norvegese dovette precedere di pochissimo tale data. Nell’insediamento medio, la presenza eschimese sostituisce quella scandinava dal 1380 circa; e per quello orientale, ciò dovette avvenire nei primissimi anni del 1500. Ma, ripetiamo, non è dato sapere, allo stato attuale delle nostre conoscenze, se gli Eschimesi occuparono i fiordi già abbandonati dai norvegesi, o già spopolati dalla ‘morte bianca’; oppure se li occuparono con la forza, uccidendo gli abitanti fino all’ultimo uomo e, magari, facendo prigionieri un certo numero di ragazzi e ragazze, come è documentato che accadde in alcuni scontri di minore entità, verificatisi nei decenni che precedettero la fine della colonia occidentale.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; color: #c0c0c0;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.libriefilm.com/groenlandia-paradiso-a-nord/9842&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #c0c0c0;&quot;&gt;&lt;img class=&quot;alignleft size-full wp-image-8344&quot; style=&quot;margin: 10px; float: left;&quot; title=&quot;groenlandia&quot; src=&quot;http://www.centrostudilaruna.it/wp-content/uploads/groenlandia.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;&quot; width=&quot;200&quot; height=&quot;201&quot; /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;Sappiamo soltanto che sono stati identificati i resti di numerose fattorie norrene nonché di alcune chiese, a testimonianza del fatto che, ai loro tempi d’oro (se mai ve ne furono), i colonizzatori avevano spiegato notevoli mezzi per creare condizioni di vita che fossero quanto più simili possibile a quelle che avevano lasciato nella loro lontana madrepatria, in Norvegia – e, in minor misura, in Islanda.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; color: #c0c0c0;&quot;&gt;Scrive il saggista e scrittore gallese Gwyn Jones, nel suo importante studio &lt;em&gt;Antichi viaggi di scoperta in Islanda, Groenlandia e America&lt;/em&gt;, ripubblicato alcuni anni fa dalla Casa editrice Newton Compton (titolo originale: &lt;em&gt;The Norse Atlantic saga. Being the Norse Voyages of Discovery and Settlement to Iceland, Greenland, America&lt;/em&gt;, 1964, Oxford University Press; traduzione italiana Giorgio Romano, Milano, Bompiani Editore, 1966, pp. 82-110):&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; color: #c0c0c0;&quot;&gt;“La colonia di Groenlandia, che va tenuta distinta dallo stato o nazione di Groenlandia, sopravvisse fino all’inizio del secolo XVI, e il modo in cui avvenne la sua fine ha interessato a lungo gli studiosi. La Colonia di Groenlandia era il più remoto avamposto della civiltà europea e la sua fine – su un lontano lido, in un paese quasi dimenticato, in condizioni climatiche che peggioravano e in circostanze assai tetre – è stata considerata da molti la più impressionante tragedia vissuta da un popolo nordico. Essa rimane uno dei problemi insoluti della storia.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; color: #c0c0c0;&quot;&gt;“Vediamo oggi, col senno di poi, come tutto, nella colonizzazione norrena in Groenlandia, fosse giocato al suo limite. I colonizzatori sarebbero potuti sopravvivere soltanto se non fosse intervenuto nessun mutamento in peggio. In Islanda l’Europeo del &lt;a title=&quot;medioevo&quot; href=&quot;http://www.centrostudilaruna.it/sezioni/storia/medioevo/&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #c0c0c0;&quot;&gt;Medioevo&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; aveva rischiato le sue ultime possibilità per vivere al nord, e aveva potuto osar questo senza rinunziare a un sistema di vita scandinavo. L’Islanda si trova all’estremo limite del mondo abitabile; la Groenlandia oltre quel limite. Papa Alessandro VI scriveva nel 1492: «La Chiesa di Gardar è situata alla fine del mondo» e la strada per raggiungerla era infaustamente nota: &lt;em&gt;per mare non minus tempestosissimum quam longissimum&lt;/em&gt;. Era pertanto un prerequisito per i groenlandesi – se volevano dominare il destino – possedere un naviglio loro capace di solcare i mari. Ben presto invece non ebbero non ebbero a disposizione né i capitali né il materiale per costruirlo; dopo essersi sottomessi alla Norvegia fu loro esplicitamente vietato di usare navi proprie: e, da allora in poi, le condizioni per la sopravvivenza non dipesero più dalla loro volontà. I cambiamenti politici ed economici all’estero, senza loro colpa né offesa, potevano ormai distruggerli, e la loro negligenza doveva mostrarsi altrettanto letale di un attacco. Secondariamente il loro numero era pericolosamente esiguo: probabilmente non raggiunsero mai le tremila anime. La popolazione dell’Islanda dell’anno 1100 era pressappoco di 80.000 persone. Il fuoco, i ghiacci, le pestilenze e l’abbandono da parte dei norvegesi ridussero questo numero a 47.000 nel 1800: uno sciupio omicida per una razza molto prolifica. La Groenlandia non possedeva una siffatta riserva di umani sacrifici. In terzo luogo: di tutte le comunità europee essa era la più vulnerabile ai cambiamenti climatici. Per gli altri uomini dell’Europa una serie di inverni freddi e di cattive estati è una seccatura e un fastidio; per i groenlandesi rappresentava il suono di una campana a morte. (…)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; color: #c0c0c0;&quot;&gt;“Con tutta probabilità il freddo crescente e la maggior aridità dopo il 1200 contribuirono gli eschimesi a recarsi verso sud. Man mano che il ghiaccio andava estendendosi lungo le coste ovest della Groenlandia, anche le foche si diffusero; a loro volta gli Skraeling seguirono le foche, perché ogni aspetto della loro vita dipendeva da questi animali. Trichechi e balene, caribù e orsi, pernici bianche e piccoli pesci erano tutti bene accolti dagli eschimesi, ma alle foche essi erano legati in modo particolare. I norreni si spingevano a nord, alla ricerca di territori di caccia e di legname trasportato dalle correnti; gli eschimesi scendevano a sud inseguendo le foche: il loro incontro era inevitabile. Non sappiamo quanti di questi incontri abbiano lasciato tracce di sangue sulla neve, poiché tanto per i norreni quanto per gli eschimesi la posta era alta, ed essi dovevano ben saperlo. Il futuro sarebbe stato favorevole a quel popolo che sarebbe riuscito ad adattarsi meglio al mutamento del clima. Gli eschimesi, resi autosufficienti dalle foche, ben impellicciati e protetti contro il freddo, con le loro tende per l’estate, le case per l’inverno e i velocissimi caicchi, erano invero mirabilmente attrezzati. I norreni, legati alle abitudini europee sino alla fine, della colonizzazione, attaccati ai greggi, alle mandrie e ai pascoli che andavano scomparendo, non potevano sopravvivere al loro &lt;em&gt;fimbulvetr&lt;/em&gt;, a quel lungo, spietato, terribile inverno, il cui avvicinarsi annunciava la fine del loro mondo. (…)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; color: #c0c0c0;&quot;&gt;“L’insediamento occidentale ebbe termine nel 1342. Abbiamo scarse prove di come ciò sia avvenuto, e sono inoltre prove discutibili. Gli &lt;em&gt;Annali&lt;/em&gt; del vescovo Gisli Oddsson precisano sotto la data di quell’anno che: «Gli abitanti della Groenlandia, di loro spontanea volontà, abbandonarono la vera fede e la &lt;a title=&quot;religione&quot; href=&quot;http://www.centrostudilaruna.it/sezioni/temi/religione/&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #c0c0c0;&quot;&gt;religione&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; cristiana, avendo abbandonato il retto sentiero e le virtù fondamentali, e si unirono coi popoli dell’America (&lt;em&gt;ad Americae populos se converterunt&lt;/em&gt;). Alcuni considerano anche che la Groenlandia si trova molto vicina alle regioni occidentali del mondo. E da questo derivò che i cristiani rinunciassero ai loro viaggi in Groenlandia». Per il vescovo i ‘popoli dell’America’ erano quasi certamente gli eschimesi, cioè quegli stessi Skraeling che i groenlandesi avevano incontrato molto tempo prima in Marclandia e in Vinlandia; e la sua asserzione dev’essere interpretata come un’indicazione che già nel 1342 si riteneva che i groenlandesi fossero divenuti indigeni per costume e &lt;a title=&quot;religione&quot; href=&quot;http://www.centrostudilaruna.it/sezioni/temi/religione/&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #c0c0c0;&quot;&gt;religione&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;. Fu probabilmente per esaminare il carattere e l’estensione di quest’apostasia che un anno prima, nel 1341, il vescovo Hakon di Bergen aveva inviato il prete Ivar Bardarson in una spedizione divenuta poi famosa. (…)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; color: #c0c0c0;&quot;&gt;“Si sparse la voce che i norreni stavano ‘convertendosi’ alla fede egli eschimesi e abbandonavano la &lt;a title=&quot;religione&quot; href=&quot;http://www.centrostudilaruna.it/sezioni/temi/religione/&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #c0c0c0;&quot;&gt;religione&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; cristiana; si disse che bisognava fare qualcosa a questo proposito. Ma allorché Ivar Bardarson arrivò in Groenlandia, una di queste due cose doveva essere accaduta: o gli ultimi sopravvissuti dell’insediamento occidentale si erano ritirati verso il sud per cercare scampo, o erano stati vinti e sterminati dagli Skraeling. Comunque, la spedizione di Ivar non servì che a confermare questo fatto: «attualmente gli Skraeling occupano tutta la Colonia occidentale». La cultura tipicamente scandinava scomparve ovunque al di là della latitudine 62° nord. Dopo il 1350 circa l’esistenza di colonie norrene in Groenlandia era limitata a Eystridyggd.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; color: #c0c0c0;&quot;&gt;“I documenti storici e archeologici dimostrano che l’insediamento orientale combatté tenacemente per la propria esistenza. Lì viveva gran parte della popolazione norrena, e lì si trovavano anche le terre migliori. Ciononostante la perdita dell’Insediamento occidentale rappresentò per quello orientale un’irreparabile calamità. Da un lato portò alla perdita del Nordseta, il miglior terreno di caccia della Groenlandia, che si trovava più a nord dell’insediamento perduto e, sebbene la richiesta di prodotti del Norseta fosse in declino, ciò costituì una drastica riduzione delle risorse dei coloni. Ma ancora più grave fu la sensazione che un destino analogo minacciasse anche l’insediamento rimasto. Certamente gli eschimesi stavano reagendo duramente alla presenza dei bianchi nel sud; e noi apprendiamo dagli Annali islandesi (&lt;em&gt;Gottskalksannal&lt;/em&gt;) che intorno al 1379 «gli Skaraeling attaccarono i groenlandesi, ne uccisero diciotto e rapirono due ragazzi che fecero schiavi». (…)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; color: #c0c0c0;&quot;&gt;“Le testimonianze relative alle comunicazioni tra la Groenlandia e il mondo esterno, dopo la metà del secolo XIV, si possono così sintetizzare: nei primi decenni una nave, protetta dal monopolio regale, compì, a intervalli frequenti se non proprio ogni anno, il tragitto Norvegia Groenlandia. Era questo il &lt;em&gt;Groenlands knörr&lt;/em&gt;, il Corriere della Groenlandia; ma non sembra che sia stato sostituito dopo che andò perduto nel 1367 o ’69. In seguito le comunicazioni furono scarse. Tutte le prove che possediamo di viaggi in Groenlandia riguardano una strana serie di uomini: Bjorn Einarsson Jorsalafari, detto il Pellegrino di Gerusalemme, fece naufragio in Groenlandia e vi rimase per due anni; un gruppo d’islandesi, smarrita la rotta, vi arrivò nel 1406 e vi rimase quattro anni; una coppia alquanto misteriosa, Pining e Pothorst, fece un viaggio piuttosto chimerico in Groenlandia, e pare anche oltre, nell’oceano occidentale, forse anche fino al Labrador, poco dopo il 1470, aggiungendo così nuove sfumature fantastiche alla cartografia del Rinascimento e qualche luce, ma anche molte ombre, alle vaghe conoscenze che il XVI secolo ebbe del più remoto settentrione. (…)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; color: #c0c0c0;&quot;&gt;“Quando e come si sia estinto l’Insediamento orientale non sapremo mai. Con ogni probabilità il fenomeno si verificò subito dopo la fine del 1500. Deve esserci stato un progressivo indebolimento della Colonia. A Herjolfsnes, e ancor più probabilmente a Unartoq, ci sono prove di sepolture collettive che possono far pensare a una morte per epidemia, forse per peste, sebbene non se ne trovi conferma nelle fonti storiche. Come per Vestribyggd, dobbiamo immaginare che la Colonia si sia andata ritirando sotto la pressione eschimese, mentre le famiglie che vivevano ai confini indietreggiavano verso le zone centrali, e alcuni (non necessariamente gli spiriti più deboli) coglievano l’occasione per far ritorno in Islanda o in Norvegia. Altri furono rapiti da violenti predoni europei, tra i quali par che predominassero gli inglesi; ed è logico ritenere che l’isolamento, profondamente sentito, unito alle altre sciagure, abbia alimentato una debolezza fisica e morale che ridusse la volontà di sopravvivenza. Nel complesso la vecchia teoria che la Colonia groenlandese sia andata morendo tra l’indifferenza del resto del mondo rimane sostanzialmente valida. (…)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; color: #c0c0c0;&quot;&gt;“Quando nel 1586 l’inglese John Davis riuscì a sfuggire all’atroce desolazione delle coste sud-orientali della Groenlandia e contemplò con sollievo «semplice paesaggio campestre con terra ed erba», all’interno dei fiordi occidentali, non trovò nessuna traccia di bianchi, «né vide alcuna cosa a eccezione di avvoltoi, corvi e piccoli uccelli, come allodole e fanelli». Questi erano i fiordi dell’antico Insediamento occidentale, ma la stessa cosa era di quello orientale. La terra, l’acqua e tutto ciò che esse potevano offrire appartenevano ormai agli esuberanti e tenaci eschimesi. La vicenda norrena in Groenlandia era giunta alla fine”.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; color: #c0c0c0;&quot;&gt;La Groenlandia era stata visitata da arditi navigatori vichinghi già al principio del X secolo e colonizzata a partire dal 982 per opera di Erik il 
        </content>
    </entry>
        <entry>
        <author>
            <name>Ratatosk</name>
            <uri>http://euro-synergies.hautetfort.com/about.html</uri>
        </author>
        <title>The Solutrean Hypothesis - Ice Age Colombus</title>
        <link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://euro-synergies.hautetfort.com/archive/2009/04/08/the-solutrean-hypothesis-ice-age-colombus.html" />
        <id>tag:euro-synergies.hautetfort.com,2009-04-08:2134634</id>
        <updated>2009-04-08T00:23:00+02:00</updated>
        <published>2009-04-08T00:23:00+02:00</published>
        <summary>    The Solutrean Hypothesis - Ice Age Columbus            [1]     “Ice Age...</summary>
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           &lt;p id=&quot;BlogTitle&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-decoration: underline;&quot;&gt;The Solutrean Hypothesis - Ice Age Columbus&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;div id=&quot;BlogContent&quot;&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;a rel=&quot;external&quot; href=&quot;http://www.solutrean.org/images/solutrean-stanford-bradley-white-news-altermedia.jpg&quot;&gt;&lt;img width=&quot;250&quot; src=&quot;http://www.solutrean.org/images/solutrean-stanford-bradley-white-news-altermedia.jpg&quot; height=&quot;165&quot; title=&quot;solutrean-stanford-bradley-white-news-altermedia&quot; class=&quot;alignright size-full wp-image-52&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;sup&gt;[1]&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;“Ice Age Columbus”&lt;br /&gt; - Get this DVD and show it&lt;br /&gt; to All Your Friends and Family!&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;You’re missing out if you haven’t yet watched “Ice Age Columbus - Who Were the First Americans?”&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;If tens of millions of our White kinsmen see this amazing DVD, our people’s coming to their senses will be significantly accelerated. The astounding new scientific discoveries that “Ice Age Columbus” contains have the potential to cut years off of the fatal and frustrating WAIT for our fellow Whites to become sufficiently energized and informed to fight for our survival as a race.&lt;br /&gt; &lt;!--more--&gt;&lt;br /&gt; You can buy “Ice Age Columbus” by calling The Discovery Channel Store at 1 800 475-6636. Ask for product #740597. The Discovery Channel website is at&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;a rel=&quot;external&quot; href=&quot;http://shopping.search.discovery.com/Discovery/?N=0&amp;amp;Ntk=all&amp;amp;Ntt=Ice+Age+Columbus&amp;amp;searchbutton.x=32&amp;amp;searchbutton.y=10&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Discovery Channel store&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;strong&gt;&lt;sup&gt;[2]&lt;/sup&gt;.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;I’ll be putting up many more posts in this thread describing every scene of this long DVD movie/documentary, but let me summarize what it contains.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;a rel=&quot;external&quot; href=&quot;http://www.bbc.co.uk/science/horizon/2002/columbus.shtml&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;BBC article&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;strong&gt;&lt;sup&gt;[3]&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;As you watch this revolutionary DVD, you will follow two parallel narratives. One narrative is a series of interviews with the world’s top scientists on the migration they have proved took place 17,000 years ago. The other narrative is a complete movie dramatization using actors and computer graphics of the HIGHEST quality to SHOW a clan of our White ancestors making the epic first journey to the New World by humans.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;The scientists are completely convincing (and brilliant) in their narrative. The actors and animators are completely convincing (and brilliant) in their narrative. Any White person who sees “Ice Age Columbus” will be convinced by them.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;The actors and scientists portray our Solutrean ancestors as noble, smart, resourceful, tenacious, brave, and admirable. The actors look JUST LIKE US! There are no “caveman” beards or ooga-ooga to make these brave voyagers look different or alien from us.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Here is an all-too-brief outline of the proofs that we came to America 17,000 years ago, 6,000 years before any Asians:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1. The Solutrean spear points found everywhere in Southwestern France and Spain EXACTLY match the “Clovis” spear points which have been found across America. These “Clovis” blades are proved to be the oldest artifacts ever found in the New World. The show begins with a close-up zoom onto a 17,000-year-old spear point that has been found in Virginia. It is a Solutrean spear/knife blade. You can see it. And, more importantly, the world’s top scientists (white guys, of course) in the field are sure of it. And they tell you this in the DVD.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;2. The ONLY way that the very unique, very skilled Solutrean flint-knapping technology could have gotten to America is that somebody had to BRING it with them.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;3. No Solutrean-type point has ever been found in Asia. Anywhere. Ever.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;4. Solutrean points are everywhere in France and Spain.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;5. Exactly at the SAME 17,000-year-old date as the appearance of Solutrean blades in Virginia, the North Atlantic was covered by a 30-foot-thick solid sheet of ice that stretched in a giant arc from Southwestern France to the (above water then) Grand Banks of North America. The ice-age ocean was 500 feet lower than it is today. Coastlines extended much further as a consequence.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;6. Solutrean caves (like the Lascaux caves of France) show that Solutreans hunted seals. Seals lived on and under that great ice sheet. Seal meat, seal hide, seal bone, and seal fat provide everything needed to make the journey.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;7. In addition to the previously unknown vast ice sheet stretching solid from France to Newfoundland, new super-computers show that there was a very fast (4 miles per hour) [b]counter eddy[/b] that floated huge broken rafts of the broken sea ice westward from Europe to North America like a giant people-mover. Solutreans stuck on these huge blocks were quickly moved across the North Atlantic. They had already mastered the technology of surviving in super cold back in France, where a worsening Ice Age was driving them to starvation in extreme cold.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;8. The Solutreans’ best source of the meat they desperately needed to survive was seals out along the vast arc of sea ice.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;9. The Solutreans could easily make skin boats that were big and adequate to the journey.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;10. The Solutreans got water from melting sea ice with burning seal fat, which gave them a heat source.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;11. American geneticists have proved that a unique DNA haplogroup marker that they have found present in some American Indian DNA must have come from the only other place it is found….in Europe. And thus, Europeans had to bring it. They have also shown that this haplogroup DNA is 17,000 years old.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;There are dozens more revolutionary discoveries like these above that I don’t have time to list right now. But others in this thread, who have seen the DVD (or the TV show) can describe them in subsequent posts, as I will too.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Anyway….here’s the concluding point: [b]this DVD, “Ice Age Columbus”, might be the most important White Nationalist educational tool on DVD in years[/b]. The scientists don’t need to be White Nationalists. Who knows what their racial views are. The important thing is that the FACTS they have discovered ARE White Nationalist facts.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Stan Hess tried to get copies of this DVD, and initially encountered a suspect disappearance of “Ice Age Columbus” from the Discovery catalog. But repeated calls and orders to Discovery appear to have brought this masterpiece of science and film-making back into the catalog, so that you can order it too. I’ll look up the price for you in one of my next posts.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;hr style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; class=&quot;Divider&quot; /&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Article printed from Altermedia Canada: http://ca.altermedia.info&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;URL to article: http://ca.altermedia.info/sciences/the-solutrean-hypothesis-ice-age-columbus_4105.html&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;URLs in this post:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style=&quot;margin: 2px 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;[1] Image: &lt;span dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;http://www.solutrean.org/images/solutrean-stanford-bradley-white-news-altermedia.jpg&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style=&quot;margin: 2px 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;[2] Discovery Channel store: &lt;span dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;http://shopping.search.discovery.com/Discovery/?N=0&amp;amp;Ntk=all&amp;amp;Ntt=Ice+Age+Columbus&amp;amp;searchbutton.x=32&amp;amp;searchbutton.y=10&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style=&quot;margin: 2px 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;[3] BBC article: &lt;span dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;http://www.bbc.co.uk/science/horizon/2002/columbus.shtml&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt; 
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