<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<?xml-stylesheet title="XSL formatting" type="text/xsl" href="https://www.hautetfort.com/css/atom.xsl" ?>
<feed xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom" xml:lang="fr">
    <title>Last posts on d&#039;annunzio</title>
    <link rel="self" type="application/atom+xml" href="https://www.hautetfort.com/explore/posts/tag/d%27annunzio/atom.xml"/>
    <link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://www.hautetfort.com/explore/posts/tag/d%27annunzio" />
    <updated>2026-11-10T07:29:10+01:00</updated>
    <rights>All Rights Reserved blogSpirit</rights>
    <generator uri="https://www.hautetfort.com/" version="1.0">https://www.hautetfort.com/</generator>
    <id>https://www.hautetfort.com/explore/posts/tag/d%27annunzio/atom.xml</id>
        <entry>
        <author>
            <name>Ratatosk</name>
            <uri>http://euro-synergies.hautetfort.com/about.html</uri>
        </author>
        <title>D'Annunzio, entre les contrées de l'Aigle et le territoire du Serpent</title>
        <link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://euro-synergies.hautetfort.com/archive/2022/11/29/d-annunzio-entre-les-contrees-de-l-aigle-et-le-territoire-du-serpent.html" />
        <id>tag:euro-synergies.hautetfort.com,2022-11-29:6414511</id>
        <updated>2022-11-29T19:26:00+01:00</updated>
        <published>2022-11-29T19:26:00+01:00</published>
        <summary>      D'Annunzio, entre les contrées de l'Aigle et le territoire du Serpent...</summary>
        <content type="html" xml:base="http://euro-synergies.hautetfort.com/">
          &lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;img id=&quot;media-6405720&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.7em 0;&quot; title=&quot;&quot; src=&quot;http://euro-synergies.hautetfort.com/media/02/02/4288482482.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;igdamage.jpg&quot; width=&quot;623&quot; height=&quot;467&quot; /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 24pt; font-family: 'arial black', sans-serif; color: #ff6600;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;D'Annunzio, entre les contrées de l'Aigle et le territoire du Serpent&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 18pt; font-family: 'arial black', sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #999999;&quot;&gt;par Luc-Olivier d'Algange&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14pt; font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; color: #999999;&quot;&gt;Il était inévitable que le poète qui tant laissa transparaître dans ses œuvres la vision d'un paradis terrestre, - l'absolu non dans l'indéfini, mais dans une finitude resplendissante, incarnée, dans une âme qui fait frémir le corps et porte l'esprit à l'aventure et à la gloire,- sorte enfin du purgatoire où des esprits mesquins prétendirent l'enfermer à jamais.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14pt; font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; color: #999999;&quot;&gt;D'Annunzio fut magnifiquement tout ce que notre temps nous prescrit de n'être plus. Il n'est pas une de ses vertus, ou de ses vices, qui ne soient mises au ban, - et surtout ses vertus, qu'il faut prendre ici au sens originel , comme on parlait jadis de la&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;virtu&lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/em&gt;du condottière.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14pt; font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; color: #999999;&quot;&gt;Sa gloire en son temps fut immense, mais peu lui demeurèrent fidèles, excepté Montherlant, et cet autre condottière, auteur du plus beau voyage en Italie qui soit, André Suarès qui, mieux que quiconque, pouvait le comprendre, jusque dans son équipée de Fiume&lt;em&gt;.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14pt; font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; color: #999999;&quot;&gt;On a beaucoup glosé sur le «&amp;nbsp;Comandante&amp;nbsp;» et le «&amp;nbsp;Comediante&amp;nbsp;», sur ses audaces et sur ses éclats, sur son italianité qui ne l'éloigne pas tant de notre francité, telle qu'elle fut incarnée par Cyrano de Bergerac, qui fut non seulement le personnage coruscant de la pièce d'Edmond Rostand, mais aussi, on l'oublie parfois, l'auteur génial du&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Voyage aux pays de la Lune et du Soleil&lt;/em&gt;, qui hausse la prose française à l'un de ses plus ardents zéniths.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;img id=&quot;media-6405732&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.7em 0;&quot; title=&quot;&quot; src=&quot;http://euro-synergies.hautetfort.com/media/02/02/1874255821.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;gabriele d'annunzio,d'annunzio,italie,lettres,lettres italiennes,littérature,littérature italienne&quot; /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14pt; font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; color: #999999;&quot;&gt;Sous ces belles augures, - où figurent aussi, d'entre les contemporaines, la magistrale biographie de Mauricio Serra et la fidélité active, au coeur du Vittoriale degli Italiani, l'ultime demeure de d'Annunzio, de Giordano Bruno Gueri, auteur de plusieurs livres livres consacrés au &lt;em&gt;Vate &lt;/em&gt;- D'Annunzio revient et le moment est venu de se souvenir du poète qu'il fut avant tout. Les rabats joie, les Lugubres et les puritains ont ricané, amers, mais leur nature est de ne rien comprendre à rien, et de se tenir, bien serrés, sur la ligne défensive de leur médiocrité; les idéologues nous ont mis en garde contre l'&lt;em&gt;esprit libre&lt;/em&gt;, mais c'est leur fonction que de trier administrativement les bons et les mauvais sujets. Ces dénigrements cependant suintent l'envie, qui est de tous les péchés le plus stupide car aucune joie, même fugace ou coupable, ne l'accompagne.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14pt; font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; color: #999999;&quot;&gt;Les gloires, le luxe, avec cependant les soucis de l'endetté perpétuel, mais dans la désinvolture et le panache, la plus grande gloire littéraire de son temps, un foisonnement de présences féminines, tout cela jeté dans la balance du risque et de l'audace, - D'Annunzio reprenant à son compte la fameuse phrase Pompée citée par Plutarque,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Naviguer est nécessaire mais il n'est pas nécessaire de vivre,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/em&gt;- il y avait là sans doute de quoi tordre les entrailles de ceux qui ont, avant l'heure, étranglés leurs songes !&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14pt; font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; color: #999999;&quot;&gt;Qu'une telle vie eût été possible, et aimée, devrait cependant nous donner à nous interroger sur les pouvoirs de la poésie même, - pouvoirs magiques qui remontent haut dans le temps, jusqu'aux Mystères de Delphes et d'Epidaure, jusqu'à Empédocle et jusqu'aux premiers songes orphiques, et plus haut encore, dans la communion immémoriale des hommes avec la terre des Abruzze, avec le ciel, avec la mer.Pour D'Annunzio, la poésie n'est pas une représentation mais une présence réelle, qui prolonge la nature et le monde, qui en émane et témoigne de son secret, de ce feu central de l'être, lequel, sans l'intercession du poète, demeurerait méconnu, - «&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;un pays sans légendes condamné à mourir de froid&amp;nbsp;»&amp;nbsp;&lt;/em&gt; disait&amp;nbsp; Patrice de la Tour du Pin.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14pt; font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; color: #999999;&quot;&gt;Il a été beaucoup reproché à D'Annunzio de n'avoir été que le poète des sensations, et, de préférence, des sensations fortes, mais c'est méconnaître que la sensation, lorsqu'un poème s'en saisit et la chante n'est pas seulement la sensation, de même que la vie n'est pas seulement la vie, mais un signe, une annonciation, - celle de son propre nom: «&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;la vie était belle par ce que je vivais et parce qu'elle m'avait créé semblable à l'image voilée de l'Ange de mon nom&amp;nbsp;»&lt;/em&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;img id=&quot;media-6405724&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.7em 0;&quot; title=&quot;&quot; src=&quot;http://euro-synergies.hautetfort.com/media/02/01/2964439320.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;R-2.jpg&quot; width=&quot;452&quot; height=&quot;635&quot; /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14pt; font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; color: #999999;&quot;&gt;Pour D'Annunzio, la vie est signe et intersigne, analogie créatrice; la rumeur qu'elle laisse en nous est semblable à celle dont elle naquit, ses objets les plus précis, les plus familiers viennent de la nuit des temps, telle la cigale talismanique aimée des Félibres, qui, à tant d'égards, furent proches de D'Annunzio, la cigale «&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;noire mais couverte d'un duvet cendré qui luisait comme un vêtement de soie&amp;nbsp;»&lt;/em&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14pt; font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; color: #999999;&quot;&gt;Le refus de l'existence plate, soumise, utilitaire n'est pas seulement pour D'Annunzio une pose, ni même une éthique, - ce qui serait déjà honorable, mais, plus profondément, une métaphysique expérimentale. Celui qui envisage de sacrifier sa vie dans un combat juge une idée plus haute que la vie, non comme une abstraction, mais comme sa&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;fine pointe&lt;/em&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14pt; font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; color: #999999;&quot;&gt;Pour D'Annunzio, la vie n'est pas seulement la vie, la raison n'est pas seulement la raison, la patrie n'est pas seulement la patrie mais ils sont les empreintes d'une vérité plus haute, - divine, - qu'il appartient au poète d'éprouver et de louer. Cet idéalisme n'a rien d'anémique ou de falot, il est puissance en acte, non dépourvu de ce pragmatisme supérieur qui caractérise le héros homérique, - et puis, toute vie n'est-elle pas un sacrifice, ce «&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;feu mêlé d'aromates&amp;nbsp;»&lt;/em&gt; dont parlait Héraclite ? Mieux valent les flammes hautes, crépitantes de parfums que le feu crapoteux et puant de la sécurité et du confort. Le don reçu à la naissance est immense, indiciblement immense. Le dessein de D'Annunzio fut, durant toute sa vie fervente et inquiète, de n'en pas démériter.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14pt; font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; color: #999999;&quot;&gt;L'équipée de Fiume qui succéda au&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Nocturne&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;n'est pas sans faire songer au voyage des Argonautes. Avant cette aventure, qui évoque la conquête de la Toison d'Or, le&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Nocturne&lt;/em&gt;, dans son paradoxe temporel, est préfiguration. Pour reconquérir, et hausser la beauté conquise par delà la beauté perdue, il faut avoir été laissé, abandonné sur des rivages de nuit; il faut avoir été presque vaincu, trahi; il faut qu'une légitimité ait été bafouée et niée.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14pt; font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; color: #999999;&quot;&gt;Dans certaines circonstances, qui appartiennent alors au Mythe, le destin individuel rejoint le destin collectif. Le ressouvenir devient alors pressentiment. L'honneur rendu aux héros passés dans le&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Nocturne&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;annonce, par «&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;l'Ange du nom&amp;nbsp;»&lt;/em&gt; ceux qui se dresseront contre la «&lt;em&gt;&amp;nbsp;victoire mutilée&amp;nbsp;»&lt;/em&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14pt; font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; color: #999999;&quot;&gt;Toute vie pleinement vécue est mythologique. Pour D'Annunzio, les mythes ne sont pas les témoins d'une civilisation antique disparue mais les clefs de déchiffrement de son propre destin, exactement comme ils le furent pour un Grec contemporain d'Homère ou d'Empédocle. Loin, très loin, de n'être que les ornements métaphoriques d'un homme de Lettres, ils sont la substance vive de ses actes et de ses pensées.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14pt; font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; color: #999999;&quot;&gt;Il est une façon mythologique de voir le monde, de s'y inscrire et une façon ratiocinante, bourgeoise, au sens flaubertien de «&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;celui qui pense bas&amp;nbsp;»&lt;/em&gt;. D'Annunzio qui est à la fois paysan des Abruzzes et esthète à la manière d'un Des Esseintes, ne laissera pas la pensée calculante et planifiante ordonner sa vie; il rejoindra les dieux, leurs légendes et leurs mystères.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;img id=&quot;media-6405726&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.7em 0;&quot; title=&quot;&quot; src=&quot;http://euro-synergies.hautetfort.com/media/02/00/2506677707.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;00ef6caf3353848b86c0a22b1a44ff1c.jpg&quot; /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14pt; font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; color: #999999;&quot;&gt;On pourrait y voir simplement le panache d'un artifice majeur, d'un défi à l'époque, si par exemple l'oeuvre de Jung ne nous avait appris que les mythes sont notre trame secrète, le filigrane de la plage blanche sur laquelle nous écrivons nos jours et nos nuits, les racines de notre conscience&amp;nbsp; que les abstractions du monde moderne voudraient trancher.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14pt; font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; color: #999999;&quot;&gt;Tout ce qu'il y eut d'aventureux dans l'existence de D'Annunzio apparaît ainsi comme une suite d'actes rituels destinés à délivrer la part mythologique, orphique, et à lui donner ce resplendissement, cette vérité dont la beauté miroite, comme au matin, le soleil sur la surface des eaux.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14pt; font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; color: #999999;&quot;&gt;Le grand péril n'est pas celui que l'on croit, mais, comme disait Ernst Jünger celui de «&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;laisser la vie nous devenir quotidienne&amp;nbsp;»&lt;/em&gt;, - non que les choses les plus simples ne suffisent à notre joie, mais précisément parce que dans l'abstraction moderne, elles risquent de devenir hors d'atteinte. C'est ainsi que D'Annunzio ne se lassera pas de chanter les feuillages, la pluie, les animaux ,les saveurs, les saisons, les labeurs et les combats de ses semblables, «&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;le miel que la bouche arrache à la cire tenace&amp;nbsp;»&lt;/em&gt;, la diversité heureuse des apparences, et bien sûr, les femmes étreintes ou seulement désirées.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14pt; font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; color: #999999;&quot;&gt;Son inquiétude naît d'un constat auquel il ne se résignera jamais: les hommes, et surtout ceux de son temps, passent à côté de la vie magnifique. Tout est offert et rien n'est pris. Par quelque noir ensorcellement, - qui pose à la rationalité, - le don magnifique du dieu est sans cesse refusé dans les circonstances les plus infimes comme les plus grandioses.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14pt; font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; color: #999999;&quot;&gt;Son immense poème&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Laus Vitae&lt;/em&gt;, - d'une hauteur, d'une vigueur et d'une inspiration comparables aux&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Cinq grandes odes&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;de Claudel ou aux&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Amers&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;de Saint-John Perse,- est ce contre-sort, cette opération théurgique dont la vocation est, par l'éloge, de délivrer la vie de la triste incarcération où elle se trouve, de la hausser à la hauteur idéale du chant et de faire ainsi de son lecteur le contemporain de Virgile, De Dante et du p&lt;em&gt;lus grand avenir&lt;/em&gt;, celui «&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;des aurores védiques&amp;nbsp;»&lt;/em&gt; selon la citation que Nietzsche porta en exergue à son&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Gai Savoir&lt;/em&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;img id=&quot;media-6405727&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.7em 0;&quot; title=&quot;&quot; src=&quot;http://euro-synergies.hautetfort.com/media/01/01/3109941177.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;vid1_brooks_001f.jpg&quot; width=&quot;492&quot; height=&quot;636&quot; /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14pt; font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; color: #999999;&quot;&gt;Ce contre-sort n'est pas sans évoquer le «&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;contre-monde&amp;nbsp;»&lt;/em&gt; de Stephan George qui, au demeurant, traduisit D'Annunzio et le publia dans son anthologie des poètes emblématiques de son temps. Ce contre-sort et ce contre-monde par ces temps d'uniformisation globale sont plus nécessaires encore qu'ils ne le furent aux temps de Stefan George et de D'Annunzio. Ce que ces poètes altiers craignirent nous advient avec une force d'arasement sans pareilles. D'où l'importance de prendre leur conseil et de passer outre aux jugements partiaux de ceux qui les jugent obsolètes ou dangereux.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14pt; font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; color: #999999;&quot;&gt;Dangereux, certes, ils le sont, mais pour les gardes-chiourmes, les hommes sans visages, les Lugubres. Dangereux, certes, pour les discours qui nous enjoignent à la servitude volontaire, pour l'humanité satisfaite d'être «&amp;nbsp;QR codée&amp;nbsp;» ou réduite au rôle de rats de laboratoire, avec pour toute ambition, dans un labyrinthe absurde, de trouver la manette qui active la distribution de nourriture, le fameux «&amp;nbsp;pouvoir d'achat&amp;nbsp;».&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14pt; font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; color: #999999;&quot;&gt;Dans la nuit, D'Annunzio se souvient de l'axe, de l'arcane de tous les soleils. Cette nuit n'est pas une pure et simple absence de lumière. Elle est peuplée de phosphènes, de réminiscences et d'annonciations. Cette plongée dans le globe oculaire, dans un réseau des nerfs, dans un cerveau, un corps, est d'une précision extraordinaire: elle réalise exactement ce que tout écrivain devrait faire: écrire à partir de l'être-là physique et métaphysique.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14pt; font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; color: #999999;&quot;&gt;Ce fut la règle d'or des plus grands, Proust, Faulkner, Conrad, Artaud, Jünger, et bien sûr, en amont, Nietzsche, que D'Annunzio considéra à juste titre non comme comme un guide ( «&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Il me répugne de suivre autant que de guider&amp;nbsp;»&lt;/em&gt; est-il dit dans le &lt;em&gt;Zarathoustra&lt;/em&gt;) mais comme un frère blessé. On peut considérer, après tant d'études savantes qui, depuis, furent consacrée au Solitaire d'Engadine que D'Annunzio fut un nietzschéen approximatif; il n'en demeure pas moins que sa vie fut sans doute de celles que Nietzsche eût aimées&amp;nbsp;: méditerranéenne, solaire, guerrière, mue par une volonté de puissance qu'il ne confondit jamais avec les atermoiements et les servitudes du pouvoir.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14pt; font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; color: #999999;&quot;&gt;Lorsqu'il fut le maître de Fiume, ce fut en&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Vate&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;bien plus qu'en dictateur, sinon pour relever, chez chacun l'exercice de la liberté. La Constitution de Fiume, au demeurant, rédigée par Alceste de Ambris fut proche de l'idéal libertaire, et, en Europe, à l'avant-garde de toutes les libertés conquises sur le puritanisme et l'esprit bourgeois.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;img id=&quot;media-6405728&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.7em 0;&quot; title=&quot;&quot; src=&quot;http://euro-synergies.hautetfort.com/media/00/02/3701615686.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;EL-POETA-Y-EL-ESPIA-2.jpg&quot; /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14pt; font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; color: #999999;&quot;&gt;Dans la vie, et la vie politique en particulier, il faut choisir ce que l'on sert, l'individualisme absolu étant un leurre, où du moins un horizon hors d'atteinte, sinon dans une œuvre de jeunesse de Julius Evola. Les plus grandes querelles idéologiques se jouent autour de la notion d'individu, les uns tenant pour un individualisme abstrait, interchangeable, et les autres pour diverses formes de collectivisme. Or le génie de D'Annunzio échappe d'emblée à cette alternative qui ressemble fort à un traquenard.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14pt; font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; color: #999999;&quot;&gt;Fiume fut, mais dans la logique de l'oeuvre toute entière, - une tentative de desserrer la tenaille, d'ouvrir à une possibilité d'être qui ne soit pas exclusivement soumise à l'intérêt des notables ou d'un Etat hypertrophié sous le seul règne de l'économie et de la technique. Cette possibilité d'être définit une notion de l'individu étrangère au règne de la quantité qui nous soumet à la statistique.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14pt; font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; color: #999999;&quot;&gt;L'individu pour D'Annunzio est&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;incarné&lt;/em&gt;; il est, dans un esprit, une âme et un corps, une chose irremplaçable, &lt;em&gt;indivise&lt;/em&gt;, forgée ou sculptée par ces influences que sont sa langue, son paysage de prédilection, ses amours, son imagination en mouvement, sa fidélité aux heures profondes et heureuses, son oraison la plus secrète. Chaque individu diffère de l'autre précisément par l'organisation variable de ses influences, par lesquelles cependant il est relié aux autres, relié mais non agrégé.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14pt; font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; color: #999999;&quot;&gt;L
        </content>
    </entry>
        <entry>
        <author>
            <name>Zed</name>
            <uri>http://metapoinfos.hautetfort.com/about.html</uri>
        </author>
        <title>Bernanos l'antidote !...</title>
        <link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://metapoinfos.hautetfort.com/archive/2018/04/12/bernanos-l-antidote-6043026.html" />
        <id>tag:metapoinfos.hautetfort.com,2018-04-16:6043026</id>
        <updated>2018-04-16T16:00:00+02:00</updated>
        <published>2018-04-16T16:00:00+02:00</published>
        <summary>  Le numéro 8 du mensuel&amp;nbsp;   L'Incorrect   &amp;nbsp;est arrivé en kiosque....</summary>
        <content type="html" xml:base="http://metapoinfos.hautetfort.com/">
          &lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;Le numéro 8 du mensuel&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;https://lincorrect.org/&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;L'Incorrect&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;est arrivé en kiosque. On peut y trouver un dossier consacré à &lt;strong&gt;Bernanos&lt;/strong&gt;, avec, notamment, des articles de &lt;strong&gt;Jérôme Besnard&lt;/strong&gt; (&quot;&lt;em&gt;Le royaliste intégral&lt;/em&gt;&quot;) et de &lt;strong&gt;Philippe de Saint-Robert&lt;/strong&gt; (&quot;&lt;em&gt;La vocation spirituelle de la France&lt;/em&gt;&quot;) et un entretien avec &lt;strong&gt;Sébastien Lapaque&lt;/strong&gt; (&quot;&lt;em&gt;Brésil, terre promise&lt;/em&gt;&quot;). Par ailleurs, on peut également y lire des entretiens avec &lt;strong&gt;Hubert Védrine &lt;/strong&gt;(&quot;&lt;em&gt;Il faudrait neutraliser l'Ukraine&lt;/em&gt;&quot;) ou avec &lt;strong&gt;Julien Hervier&lt;/strong&gt; et &lt;strong&gt;Maurizio Serra &lt;/strong&gt;(&quot;&lt;em&gt;Drieu et D'Annunzio, deux dandies dans l'Europe en feu&lt;/em&gt;&quot;), ainsi que les rubriques &quot;L'époque&quot;, &quot;Monde&quot;, &quot;Reportages&quot;,&amp;nbsp; &quot;Les essais&quot; et &quot;Culture&quot;...&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;Le sommaire complet est disponible &lt;a href=&quot;https://lincorrect.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/Sommaire-LIncorrect-8.pdf&quot;&gt;ici&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;img id=&quot;media-5799895&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.7em 0;&quot; title=&quot;&quot; src=&quot;http://metapoinfos.hautetfort.com/media/00/01/2921280558.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;Incorrect 8.jpg&quot; /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
        </content>
    </entry>
        <entry>
        <author>
            <name>Zed</name>
            <uri>http://metapoinfos.hautetfort.com/about.html</uri>
        </author>
        <title>L'autre tiers-mondisme...</title>
        <link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://metapoinfos.hautetfort.com/archive/2016/05/25/l-autre-tiers-mondisme-5806776.html" />
        <id>tag:metapoinfos.hautetfort.com,2016-05-27:5806776</id>
        <updated>2016-05-27T10:00:00+02:00</updated>
        <published>2016-05-27T10:00:00+02:00</published>
        <summary>  Les éditions Akribéia viennent de publier un essai de  Philippe Baillet...</summary>
        <content type="html" xml:base="http://metapoinfos.hautetfort.com/">
          &lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;Les éditions Akribéia viennent de publier un essai de &lt;strong&gt;Philippe Baillet&lt;/strong&gt; intitulé &lt;em&gt;&lt;strong&gt;L'autre tiers-mondisme - Des origines à l'islamisme radical.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/em&gt; Traducteur d'italien, spécialiste d'Evola et collaborateur de nombreuses revues, Philippe Baillet est déjà l'auteur de &lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;Pour la contre-révolution blanche - Portraits fidèles et lectures sans entraves&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;,(Akribéia, 2010) et de &lt;em&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Le parti de la vie - Clercs et guerriers d'Europe et d'Asie&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/em&gt; (Akribéia, 2015).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;img id=&quot;media-5380539&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.7em 0;&quot; title=&quot;&quot; src=&quot;http://metapoinfos.hautetfort.com/media/02/00/711703492.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;Autre tiers-mondisme.jpg&quot; /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;&quot; Le fait de parler d’un « autre tiers-mondisme », différent du tiers-mondisme progressiste, peut dérouter mais se justifie. En effet, s’appuyant sur une documentation très variée – du modeste bulletin militant à l’ouvrage classique – et puisant à des sources francophones, allemandes, italiennes, britanniques et nord-américaines, cet ouvrage met au jour un important corpus de textes, qui va des lendemains de la Grande Guerre à nos jours.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;À travers eux, l’ « autre tiers-mondisme », en cela bien antérieur à l’apparition de la formule « tiers-monde » en 1952, se dévoile comme inséparable d’une tentative de Troisième Voie européenne. Celle-ci s’affirme d’abord avec le préfascisme de D’Annunzio, se poursuit avec les nationaux-révolutionnaires allemands ou encore avec la gauche nationale-socialiste (des frères Strasser à Johann von Leers). Mais la « solidarité anti-impérialiste » ne passera jamais, aux yeux de Hitler et de Rosenberg, avant la « défense de la race ». Après 1945, l’ « autre tiers-mondisme » refait surface chez Maurice Bardèche admirateur de Nasser ou chez François Genoud soutien actif du FLN. Il trouve son théoricien proprement politique avec Jean Thiriart, auprès duquel se forme Claudio Mutti, ensuite favorable à la révolution islamique d’Iran et converti à l’islam.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;Ainsi se précisent les contours d’un « parti islamophile » présent en Europe de l’Ouest sous une forme « docte » et culturelle, qui doit beaucoup à l’influence de l’œuvre de René Guénon, et sous une forme « simple » et politique, dont les écrits d’Alain Soral sont la dernière expression en date.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;À l’heure où l’islamisme radical incarne de plus en plus la forme agressive du flot montant des peuples de couleur contre la race blanche, cette somme, caractérisée par le sens de la profondeur historique, remet dans leurs vraies perspectives de nombreuses questions d’une brûlante actualité. &quot;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;
        </content>
    </entry>
        <entry>
        <author>
            <name>Houdaer</name>
            <uri>http://houdaer.hautetfort.com/about.html</uri>
        </author>
        <title>Tunnel de Fourvière (Vue ancienne sur le)</title>
        <link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://houdaer.hautetfort.com/archive/2014/06/23/tunnel-de-fourviere-vue-ancienne-sur-le-5397067.html" />
        <id>tag:houdaer.hautetfort.com,2014-06-23:5397067</id>
        <updated>2014-06-23T18:43:00+02:00</updated>
        <published>2014-06-23T18:43:00+02:00</published>
        <summary>       Une photo qui date de 1914 !    Certains proposent  une autre légende...</summary>
        <content type="html" xml:base="http://houdaer.hautetfort.com/">
          &lt;p style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://houdaer.hautetfort.com/media/01/01/3631429775.jpg&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;&lt;img id=&quot;media-4605001&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.7em 0;&quot; title=&quot;&quot; src=&quot;http://houdaer.hautetfort.com/media/01/01/4065449034.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;tunnel de fourvière.jpg&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Une photo qui date de 1914 !&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Certains proposent &lt;a href=&quot;http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabiria&quot;&gt;une autre légende&lt;/a&gt; pour cette image, mais méritent-ils que nous les prenions au sérieux ?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
        </content>
    </entry>
        <entry>
        <author>
            <name>Ratatosk</name>
            <uri>http://euro-synergies.hautetfort.com/about.html</uri>
        </author>
        <title>L'impresa fiumana</title>
        <link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://euro-synergies.hautetfort.com/archive/2013/09/23/l-impresa-fiumana-5179198.html" />
        <id>tag:euro-synergies.hautetfort.com,2013-09-23:5179198</id>
        <updated>2013-09-23T19:09:45+02:00</updated>
        <published>2013-09-23T19:09:45+02:00</published>
        <summary>     </summary>
        <content type="html" xml:base="http://euro-synergies.hautetfort.com/">
          &lt;div class=&quot;media&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://zentropaville.tumblr.com/image/62065038230&quot;&gt;&lt;img style=&quot;display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;&quot; src=&quot;http://24.media.tumblr.com/861a9762f995c37d589fa63be03089ae/tumblr_mtl4aieh3G1rnng97o1_500.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
        </content>
    </entry>
        <entry>
        <author>
            <name>Ratatosk</name>
            <uri>http://euro-synergies.hautetfort.com/about.html</uri>
        </author>
        <title>Fiume</title>
        <link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://euro-synergies.hautetfort.com/archive/2013/04/12/fiume.html" />
        <id>tag:euro-synergies.hautetfort.com,2013-04-12:5043411</id>
        <updated>2013-04-12T16:54:32+02:00</updated>
        <published>2013-04-12T16:54:32+02:00</published>
        <summary>     </summary>
        <content type="html" xml:base="http://euro-synergies.hautetfort.com/">
          &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://zentropaville.tumblr.com/image/47611954053&quot;&gt;&lt;img style=&quot;display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;&quot; src=&quot;http://24.media.tumblr.com/6fe7beff877cdddf7b541db0b3d4581f/tumblr_ml1c52y3821rnng97o1_500.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
        </content>
    </entry>
        <entry>
        <author>
            <name>Ratatosk</name>
            <uri>http://euro-synergies.hautetfort.com/about.html</uri>
        </author>
        <title>G. d'Annunzio: Mostra fotografica</title>
        <link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://euro-synergies.hautetfort.com/archive/2013/03/29/g-d-annunzio-mostra-fotografica.html" />
        <id>tag:euro-synergies.hautetfort.com,2013-03-29:5030202</id>
        <updated>2013-03-29T11:53:02+01:00</updated>
        <published>2013-03-29T11:53:02+01:00</published>
        <summary>     </summary>
        <content type="html" xml:base="http://euro-synergies.hautetfort.com/">
          &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://zentropaville.tumblr.com/image/46432979203&quot;&gt;&lt;img style=&quot;display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;&quot; src=&quot;http://25.media.tumblr.com/a4c2844ea0d6cc322589cf39ba62cc4c/tumblr_mkbz4aIHN51rnng97o1_500.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
        </content>
    </entry>
        <entry>
        <author>
            <name>nauher</name>
            <uri>http://off-shore.hautetfort.com/about.html</uri>
        </author>
        <title>Au soleil de Volterra</title>
        <link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://off-shore.hautetfort.com/archive/2012/08/19/au-soleil-de-volterra.html" />
        <id>tag:off-shore.hautetfort.com,2012-11-27:4808333</id>
        <updated>2012-11-27T09:07:00+01:00</updated>
        <published>2012-11-27T09:07:00+01:00</published>
        <summary> &amp;nbsp;    C'est devenu, m'a-t-on dit, le pèlerinage des spectres et des...</summary>
        <content type="html" xml:base="http://off-shore.hautetfort.com/">
          &lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;C'est devenu, m'a-t-on dit, le pèlerinage des spectres et des songe-creux, depuis qu'on est venu y tourner un épisode de &lt;/span&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Twilight&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;. Il suffisait qu'il y eût des remparts et un semblant de ténèbres pour que les apprentis gothiques y fissent leur beurre. Voilà une façon bien dérisoire et ravageuse de reprendre ce qu'écrivait Gabriele d'Annunzio dans &lt;em&gt;Forse che si forse che no &lt;/em&gt;quand il évoquait Volterra comme &quot;una città &amp;nbsp;del vento e del macigno&quot; (une ville du vent et du roc). De quoi faire frémir, en effet... Il faut donc imaginer les délices sanguinolentes des admiratrices de Pattinson déambulant dans le cercle fortifié de la ville haute. Il n'y a pourtant plus grand chose à voir tant, comme d'autres villes du même genre (c'est-à-dire moins un genre qu'une destinée funeste les réduisant à la banalité commerciale), Volterra est propre, hygiénique et festive. À peine arrivé qu'on a envie de s'enfuir.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;Tout le bonheur est ailleurs, en fait, lorsque la ville n'est encore qu'une promesse, une lointaine silhouette, et même, pourquoi ne pas le dire, un simple mot sur l'aléatoire des panneaux indicateurs italiens. Volterra vaut moins, en effet, que le décor fabuleux qui la précède, quand les routes sinueuses qui nous y mènent offrent au regard émerveillé, le gris bleuté et le vert d'une terre retournée, laquelle forme comme un treillage à peine visible sous le jaune ravi et vif de la paille courte après la coupe. Le labour sec laisse à nu un paysage lunaire. C'est une succession de surgissements et d'effondrements sans comparaison en Toscane, où les oliviers forment comme des boutons presque noirs sur le manteau des collines.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;Cette matité qui s'enflamme, donnant au sol toute son épaisseur et son poids, il est possible, qui sait ?, qu'un jour, à l'instar des villes devenues l'ombre d'elles-mêmes (ainsi Volterra), elle disparaisse, que le travail des champs périclite et qu'il ne reste plus qu'un désastre. Nous n'aurons plus alors qu'à nous retourner vers Courbet. Oui, Courbet... L'homme d'Ornans, du réalisme virulent et provocateur, l'homme des couleurs austères, fit plusieurs séjours en Italie, et particulièrement en Toscane.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;img id=&quot;media-3708761&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.7em 0;&quot; title=&quot;&quot; src=&quot;http://off-shore.hautetfort.com/media/01/02/337072919.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;Courbet-Volterra-la-citadelle--3-.jpg&quot; /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;Courbet, &lt;em&gt;La citadelle de Volterra&lt;/em&gt;, 1838, Le Louvre&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;Il vint à Volterra et plusieurs œuvres témoignent de cet attrait toscan. Car il s'agit bien de cela. L'art du peintre semble se soumettre (soumission qui n'en est pas une, c'est une écoute, d'abord) à l'intensité du lieu. Les plans sont marqués, la couleur dense, épaisse. Le pinceau n'imprègne pas la toile, dans le délicat souci qu'il y aurait de peindre une nature fraîche et frêle ; il se répand, comme une matière quasi primitive. La terre est une boue sèche, une marquetterie de bistre, d'ocre et de verts légers, qui prend toutes les pentes et oblige les arbres à se réfugier sur les endroits les plus inacessibles. Il n'y a rien d'hostile, absolument pas, mais c'est une fertilité massive, grasse qui prélasse des couleurs qu'on abandonnera à regrets en allant sur Sienne.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;Courbet, dans ce tableau (mais il y en a d'autres de la même puissance), saisit toute la clarté que le sol absorbe du soleil, jusqu'à suggérer un territoire carapaçonné comme une bête terrible. Le sentiment lunaire qui vous parcourt l'échine, l'artiste lui donne toute sa force en choisissant non le plan restreint et la recherche du détail, mais la vision ample, comme s'il voulait donner, de ces incroyables collines, l'illusion d'un champ de bataille. La forteresse de Volterra se fond dans le décor. Elle apparaît moins comme une œuvre des hommes que comme le prolongement structuré du lieu qui l'a vue naître. Seule sa géométrie verticale la distingue et elle ne serait rien sans ses environs, sinon une couronne sans tête.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;Il est peu nécessaire de revenir à Volterra, d'en arprenter les ruelles commerçantes. il suffit de penser à Courbet, de garder ses distances et de prendre l'ensemble comme une histoire magique de l'homme confondu par la terre, d'admettre, à la suite de Courbet, que cette région de la Toscane, assurément la plus belle, la plus unie, la plus sauvage, se contemple dans le lointain, s'estime de n'être qu'un imprécis assemblage de couleurs à flanc de collines et Volterra une &lt;em&gt;déjà-ruine&lt;/em&gt; dont le plus beau souvenir est fixé, depuis près de deux siècles, par un homme qui ne savait pourtant pas ce qui nous attendait...&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Le tableau de Courbet est donc à la fois un souvenir et une prémonition. Il est, sans souci de réalisme classique, la marque du lieu, son identification souveraine. Il capte la luminosité sans les chichis d'un quelconque travail vaporeux et nous&lt;/span&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt; informe &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;de ce que sera le voyage (ou le retour) vers Volterra, en plein été, aride, et vaguement orageux : l'exaltation d'un autre monde, bien réel pourtant, dont nous emportons avec nous, par un fétichisme puéril, une poignée de terre.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
        </content>
    </entry>
        <entry>
        <author>
            <name>Ratatosk</name>
            <uri>http://euro-synergies.hautetfort.com/about.html</uri>
        </author>
        <title>Little Caesar - Gabriele D'Annunzio the Abruzzese</title>
        <link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://euro-synergies.hautetfort.com/archive/2011/03/29/little-caesar-gabriele-d-annunzio-the-abruzzese.html" />
        <id>tag:euro-synergies.hautetfort.com,2011-04-06:3166174</id>
        <updated>2011-04-06T00:05:00+02:00</updated>
        <published>2011-04-06T00:05:00+02:00</published>
        <summary>     Little Caesar              Gabriele D’Annunzio the Abruzzese      &amp;nbsp;...</summary>
        <content type="html" xml:base="http://euro-synergies.hautetfort.com/">
          &lt;p style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial black,avant garde; color: #ff6600; font-size: xx-large;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot;&gt;Little Caesar&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;date-posts&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;post-outer&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;post hentry&quot;&gt;&lt;div id=&quot;post-body-7707550031535729710&quot; class=&quot;post-body entry-content&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial black,avant garde; color: #ff6600; font-size: xx-large;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot;&gt;Gabriele D’Annunzio the Abruzzese&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial black,avant garde; color: #c0c0c0;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot;&gt;Ex: &lt;a href=&quot;http://magnagrece.blogspot.com/&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #c0c0c0;&quot;&gt;http://magnagrece.blogspot.com/&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #c0c0c0;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: trebuchet ms,geneva; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;img id=&quot;BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5583070681190873938&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center; margin-top: 0px; width: 268px; margin-bottom: 10px; float: left; height: 400px; cursor: hand;&quot; src=&quot;http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-FxG1aHdFBIg/TXsNNERHu1I/AAAAAAAACtw/3UScrRRvhDg/s400/D%2527Annunzio.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; /&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center; margin: 0px; font: 11px Verdana;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #c0c0c0;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: trebuchet ms,geneva; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;Self-proclaimed “Superman” Gabriele D’Annunzio (Photo by New York Scugnizzo)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin: 0px; min-height: 13px; font: 11px Verdana;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #c0c0c0;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: trebuchet ms,geneva; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center; margin: 0px; font: 11px Verdana;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #99cc00;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: trebuchet ms,geneva; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;“In men of the highest character and noblest genius there is to be found an insatiable desire for honor, command, power and glory.” &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center; margin: 0px; font: 11px Verdana;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #c0c0c0;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: trebuchet ms,geneva; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot;&gt;– Cicero: &lt;/span&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot;&gt;De Oficiis&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot;&gt;, I, 78 B.C.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center; margin: 0px; min-height: 13px; font: 11px Verdana;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #c0c0c0;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: trebuchet ms,geneva; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin: 0px; font: 11px Verdana;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #c0c0c0;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: trebuchet ms,geneva; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot;&gt;The end of World War I witnessed the breakup of three of the great royal dynasties of Europe. The Hohenzollern Empire of Germany, the Hapsburg Empire of Austria-Hungary and the Romanov Empire of Russia all went the way of the &lt;/span&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot;&gt;Imperium Romanum&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot;&gt; before them…into the misty and romanticized pages of history. In their places were created various new geopolitical entities ranging from ethno-states like Poland to multi-national states like Czechoslovakia. With some notable exceptions (like Yugoslavia) the new governments were republics.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin: 0px; min-height: 13px; font: 11px Verdana;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #c0c0c0;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: trebuchet ms,geneva; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin: 0px; font: 11px Verdana;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #c0c0c0;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: trebuchet ms,geneva; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Centuries of authoritarian, monarchial rule plus the exorbitant costs of the war left the new crop of leaders ill-equipped to deal with the problems afflicting their respective societies. Soon a wave of demagogues, strongmen and tinpot dictators would enter the picture, attempting to carve out a legacy for themselves in the ruins of postwar Europe.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center; margin: 0px; min-height: 13px; font: 11px Verdana;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #c0c0c0;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: trebuchet ms,geneva; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin: 0px; font: 11px Verdana;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #c0c0c0;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: trebuchet ms,geneva; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot;&gt;In Hungary the Bolshevik revolutionary Béla Kun (née &lt;/span&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot;&gt;Cohn Béla&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot;&gt;) established a brutal, short-lived Communist regime (1919) before being overthrown in a disastrous war with Romania. He fled to the nascent Soviet Union where he lived, and continued to brutalize, until &lt;/span&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot;&gt;he&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot;&gt; was executed under Stalin’s orders in 1938 “…because he knew too much.” Kun’s brief reign was ironically instrumental in subsequently moving Hungarian politics far to the Right.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center; margin: 0px; min-height: 13px; font: 11px Verdana;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #c0c0c0;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: trebuchet ms,geneva; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin: 0px; font: 11px Verdana;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #c0c0c0;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: trebuchet ms,geneva; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot;&gt;In one of the more laughable episodes of this period, on March 13th, 1920 a group of 5,000 &lt;/span&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot;&gt;Freikorps&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot;&gt; (German paramilitary volunteers) led by a man named Hermann Ehrhardt seized control of the city of Berlin, drove out the Weimar government, and installed a nondescript fellow by the name of Wolfgang Kapp as figurehead ‘Chancellor’. A group of rightists led by one General Walther von Luëttwitz was the real power behind the throne. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin: 0px; min-height: 13px; font: 11px Verdana;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #c0c0c0;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: trebuchet ms,geneva; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin: 0px; font: 11px Verdana;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #c0c0c0;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: trebuchet ms,geneva; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot;&gt;Kapp, a bespectacled bureaucrat and journalist, lacked the charisma to make a convincing frontman. Most of the other &lt;/span&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot;&gt;Freikorps&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot;&gt; and military commanders as well as conservative politicians refused to have anything to do with him or his “government”. Four days later the whole scheme fell apart when the Weimar Cabinet called for a general strike and Kapp fled to Sweden. The &lt;/span&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot;&gt;schlemiel&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot;&gt; died of cancer two years later while in German custody in Leipzig.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center; margin: 0px; min-height: 13px; font: 11px Verdana;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #c0c0c0;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: trebuchet ms,geneva; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin: 0px; font: 11px Verdana;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #c0c0c0;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: trebuchet ms,geneva; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot;&gt;The only happening during the so-called “Kapp Putsch” worth noting was the effect a singular, harsh incident associated with it (the shooting of a rambunctious, small boy by several &lt;/span&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot;&gt;Freikorps&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot;&gt; troops) would have on an eyewitness: a young Austrian veteran of the German Army by the name of Adolf Hitler. Several years later in his book &lt;/span&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot;&gt;Mein Kampf&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot;&gt; he would remark it was his first lesson in the use of force to rule the masses. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center; margin: 0px; min-height: 13px; font: 11px Verdana;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #c0c0c0;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: trebuchet ms,geneva; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin: 0px; font: 11px Verdana;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #c0c0c0;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: trebuchet ms,geneva; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot;&gt;While its monarchy survived the war, Italy was not immune to the intrigues of demagogues. One, in fact, would eventually seize power in 1922. Four years later he would proclaim himself dictator while keeping the King around as a figurehead. His name was Benito Mussolini. As &lt;/span&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot;&gt;Il Duce&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot;&gt; he would march Italy nearly to its ruin in World War II. Before all this happened, however, he would have to contend with another forceful personality who very nearly ‘stole his thunder’. Though Mussolini won the contest, he was nonetheless profoundly influenced by this most remarkable individual whose biography is studied to this day by those fascinated with the lives of “those who dare”.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center; margin: 0px; min-height: 13px; font: 11px Verdana;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #c0c0c0;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: trebuchet ms,geneva; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: right; margin: 0px; min-height: 13px; font: 11px Verdana;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #c0c0c0;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: trebuchet ms,geneva; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;Place of birth in Pescara &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: right; margin: 0px; min-height: 13px; font: 11px Verdana;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #c0c0c0;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: trebuchet ms,geneva; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;(Courtesy of &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gabriele_DAnnunzio_02.jpg&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #c0c0c0;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #cc0000; font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;Wikimedia Commons&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #c0c0c0;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: trebuchet ms,geneva; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;img id=&quot;BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5583070262620182130&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px 10px 10px 0px; width: 241px; float: right; height: 320px; cursor: hand;&quot; src=&quot;http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-hf4TzNUEgU4/TXsM0s-F1nI/AAAAAAAACtg/3ukG_9nDqR0/s320/Gabriele%2BD%2527Annunzio%2Bplace%2Bof%2Bbirth.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; /&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin: 0px; font: 11px Verdana;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #c0c0c0;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: trebuchet ms,geneva; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot;&gt;Gabriele D’Annunzio was born on March 12th, 1863 in the town of Pescara, Abruzzi. Just a couple of years earlier the region had been part of the &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot;&gt;Kingdom of the Two Sicilies&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot;&gt; before its conquest by Giuseppe Garibaldi. Some controversy apparently exists among historians as to D’Annunzio’s birth name. His father, Francesco Paolo Rapagnetta, had been adopted at the age of 13 by a childless uncle named Antonio D’Annunzio. He was raised with the surname Rapagnetta-D’Annunzio. In 1858 he married Luisa De Benedictis, by whom he had five children – three girls and two boys. According to Professor John Woodhouse (Fiat-Serena Prof. of Italian Studies, Univ. of Oxford), at the time of Gabriele’s baptism Rapagnetta had been dropped and the elder boy was officially registered as Gabriele D’Annunzio. Later in his life he would take to writing his surname as “d’Annunzio” to give it a more noble air.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center; margin: 0px; min-height: 13px; font: 11px Verdana;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #c0c0c0;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: trebuchet ms,geneva; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin: 0px; font: 11px Verdana;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #c0c0c0;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: trebuchet ms,geneva; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Francesco Paolo had inherited half of his uncle’s fortune and as a result Gabriele and his siblings grew up fairly well off. His father, however, was a notorious drinker and womanizer who kept a string of mistresses. This caused no small amount of ill feeling between father and son. The level of dysfunctional feelings in the D’Annunzio family household was revealed when Gabriele refused to travel a short distance to be with his father before he died. After his father’s death, Gabriele realized the family had been saddled with heavy debts, forcing him to sell the D’Annunzio country home. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin: 0px; min-height: 13px; font: 11px Verdana;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #c0c0c0;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: trebuchet ms,geneva; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin: 0px; font: 11px Verdana;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #c0c0c0;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: trebuchet ms,geneva; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Gabriele D’Annunzio’s talents as a writer, as well as his disregard for personal danger, were recognized early in his life. An oft-repeated tale goes that a local fisherman had once given the boisterous lad a mussel to eat. In trying to pry it open he accidentally stabbed himself in the left thumb, bleeding profusely. Instead of running home to his mother for aid, he first ate the mollusk before binding the wound himself.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center; margin: 0px; min-height: 13px; font: 11px Verdana;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #c0c0c0;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: trebuchet ms,geneva; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin: 0px; font: 11px Verdana;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #c0c0c0;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: trebuchet ms,geneva; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot;&gt;Originally tutored at home, at the age of 11 his father sent him to a prestigious boarding school, the &lt;/span&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot;&gt;Collegio Cicognini&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot;&gt;, in Prato, Tuscany. It must have made quite an impression on young Gabriele as years later he would describe this place as “…a plantation made in the images of the second Circle [of Dante’s &lt;/span&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot;&gt;Inferno&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot;&gt;], reducing the most vivacious of human saplings to ‘dried twigs with poison’. Oddly, he would later send both of his sons there when they were old enough.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin: 0px; min-height: 13px; font: 11px Verdana;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #c0c0c0;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: trebuchet ms,geneva; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin: 0px; font: 11px Verdana;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #c0c0c0;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: trebuchet ms,geneva; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot;&gt;D’Annunzio’s first brush with fame came in 1879 when he wrote and later published a small collection of 30 poems he entitled &lt;/span&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot;&gt;Primo vere&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot;&gt;. The poetry was written in the neo-Latin style of the great Tuscan poet (and future Nobel laureate) Giosuè Carducci. Against the rules of the &lt;/span&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot;&gt;Collegio Cicognini&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot;&gt;, he sent a complimentary copy of the book to Giuseppe Chiarini, one of Italy’s leading critics, who gave the book a mostly favorable review in the influential newspaper &lt;/span&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot;&gt;Il fanfulla della domenica&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot;&gt;. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin: 0px; min-height: 13px; font: 11px Verdana;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #c0c0c0;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: trebuchet ms,geneva; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: right; margin: 0px; min-height: 13px; font: 11px Verdana;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #c0c0c0;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: trebuchet ms,geneva; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;Veiled bust of Eleonora Druse&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: right; margin: 0px; min-height: 13px; font: 11px Verdana;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #c0c0c0;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: trebuchet ms,geneva; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;(Photo by New York Scugnizzo)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #c0c0c0;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: trebuchet ms,geneva; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;img id=&quot;BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5583069972749880306&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 10px 10px; width: 216px; float: right; height: 320px; cursor: hand;&quot; src=&quot;http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-83kirK2sUG8/TXsMj1HoC_I/AAAAAAAACtY/pFhYKKCK4-4/s320/Eleonora%2BDruse.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; /&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: left; margin: 0px; min-height: 13px; font: 11px Verdana;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #c0c0c0;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: trebuchet ms,geneva; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;It was also during his adolescent phase D’Annunzio discovered his fascination with, and his power over, women. He was known to have had at least several passionate affairs with females while still a teenager. Given his physique, this was certainly strange, for Gabriele D’Annunzio stood less than 5’6” tall, was slightly built, and had teeth that would make an Englishman envious! Yet despite this and the fact he would bald early in life, he was never lacking for female company.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin: 0px; min-height: 13px; font: 11px Verdana;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #c0c0c0;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: trebuchet ms,geneva; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin: 0px; font: 11px Verdan
        </content>
    </entry>
        <entry>
        <author>
            <name>Ratatosk</name>
            <uri>http://euro-synergies.hautetfort.com/about.html</uri>
        </author>
        <title>March on Fiume</title>
        <link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://euro-synergies.hautetfort.com/archive/2010/11/18/march-on-fiume.html" />
        <id>tag:euro-synergies.hautetfort.com,2010-11-30:2992014</id>
        <updated>2010-11-30T00:05:00+01:00</updated>
        <published>2010-11-30T00:05:00+01:00</published>
        <summary>           MARCH ON FIUME        Excerpted from Hakim Bey’s T.A.Z. The...</summary>
        <content type="html" xml:base="http://euro-synergies.hautetfort.com/">
          &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;img id=&quot;media-2755795&quot; style=&quot;display: block; margin: 0.7em auto;&quot; src=&quot;http://euro-synergies.hautetfort.com/media/00/00/77657351.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;fiume_1257547348.jpg&quot; /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: xx-large; color: #c0c0c0; font-family: arial black,avant garde;&quot;&gt;MARCH ON FIUME&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: trebuchet ms,geneva;&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large; color: #ff6600; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-US;&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Excerpted from Hakim Bey’s T.A.Z. The Temporary Autonomous Zone, Ontological Anarchy, Poetic Terrorism &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small; color: #c0c0c0; font-family: trebuchet ms,geneva;&quot;&gt;Ex: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.freespeechproject.com/&quot;&gt;http://www.freespeechproject.com/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #ff6600;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small; font-family: trebuchet ms,geneva;&quot;&gt;“To die is not enough.”&lt;br /&gt;— D’Annunzio &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small; color: #c0c0c0; font-family: trebuchet ms,geneva;&quot;&gt;When pressed about his political allegiance, Gabriele D’Annunzio (1863-1938) refused to commit himself. “My undertaking may seem rash and alien to my art and style of life,” he wrote to his publisher, “but… people must realise that I am capable of doing anything.” After his election to &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small; color: #c0c0c0; font-family: trebuchet ms,geneva;&quot;&gt;Italy&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small; color: #c0c0c0; font-family: trebuchet ms,geneva;&quot;&gt;’s Chamber of Deputies he showed his contempt for the parliamentary circus by rarely attending the sessions, and behaving unpredictably when he did. Nicknamed “the deputy of beauty”, D’Annunzio watched the parliamentary debates as an artist rather than a participant. Originally elected to the Chamber as a ‘rightwing’ nationalist, he had no trouble crossing the floor to vote — and sit with — members of the ‘extreme left’.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small; color: #c0c0c0; font-family: trebuchet ms,geneva;&quot;&gt;Plagued by creditors, D’Annunzio settled in &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small; color: #c0c0c0; font-family: trebuchet ms,geneva;&quot;&gt;France&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small; color: #c0c0c0; font-family: trebuchet ms,geneva;&quot;&gt; in 1910 to concentrate on his writing and art. Since the 1890s he had enjoyed mass appeal and on returning to &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small; color: #c0c0c0; font-family: trebuchet ms,geneva;&quot;&gt;Italy&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small; color: #c0c0c0; font-family: trebuchet ms,geneva;&quot;&gt; in 1915 he was greeted by some one hundred thousand admirers. A strong supporter of &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small; color: #c0c0c0; font-family: trebuchet ms,geneva;&quot;&gt;Italy&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small; color: #c0c0c0; font-family: trebuchet ms,geneva;&quot;&gt;’s involvement in the First World War, D’Annunzio, aged fifty-two, volunteered for active service in the trenches. A daring aviator, he led bombing raids, losing an eye in an aeroplane accident. In a final act of heroism, as the war drew to a close, he flew as far as &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small; color: #c0c0c0; font-family: trebuchet ms,geneva;&quot;&gt;Vienna&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small; color: #c0c0c0; font-family: trebuchet ms,geneva;&quot;&gt; and there dropped propaganda pamphlets from his aeroplane.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small; color: #c0c0c0; font-family: trebuchet ms,geneva;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;At the Peace Conference of 1919, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small; color: #c0c0c0; font-family: trebuchet ms,geneva;&quot;&gt;Italy&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small; color: #c0c0c0; font-family: trebuchet ms,geneva;&quot;&gt; claimed the &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small; color: #c0c0c0; font-family: trebuchet ms,geneva;&quot;&gt;port&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small; color: #c0c0c0; font-family: trebuchet ms,geneva;&quot;&gt; of &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small; color: #c0c0c0; font-family: trebuchet ms,geneva;&quot;&gt;Fiume&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small; color: #c0c0c0; font-family: trebuchet ms,geneva;&quot;&gt; on the grounds of self-determination. Little aroused the indignation of so many Italians as much as the question of &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small; color: #c0c0c0; font-family: trebuchet ms,geneva;&quot;&gt;Fiume&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small; color: #c0c0c0; font-family: trebuchet ms,geneva;&quot;&gt;. The US, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small; color: #c0c0c0; font-family: trebuchet ms,geneva;&quot;&gt;Britain&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small; color: #c0c0c0; font-family: trebuchet ms,geneva;&quot;&gt; and France argued that &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small; color: #c0c0c0; font-family: trebuchet ms,geneva;&quot;&gt;Fiume&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small; color: #c0c0c0; font-family: trebuchet ms,geneva;&quot;&gt; be included in &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small; color: #c0c0c0; font-family: trebuchet ms,geneva;&quot;&gt;Yugoslavia&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small; color: #c0c0c0; font-family: trebuchet ms,geneva;&quot;&gt; and occupied the port. A group of young army officers begged the war hero D’Annunzio to seize &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small; color: #c0c0c0; font-family: trebuchet ms,geneva;&quot;&gt;Fiume&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small; color: #c0c0c0; font-family: trebuchet ms,geneva;&quot;&gt; for &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small; color: #c0c0c0; font-family: trebuchet ms,geneva;&quot;&gt;Italy&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small; color: #c0c0c0; font-family: trebuchet ms,geneva;&quot;&gt;. On September 12 he marched from &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small; color: #c0c0c0; font-family: trebuchet ms,geneva;&quot;&gt;Rome&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small; color: #c0c0c0; font-family: trebuchet ms,geneva;&quot;&gt; at the head of a thousand black shirted legionaries; the Allied troops withdrew and D’Annunzio, who announced his intention of remaining in the city until it was annexed by &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small; color: #c0c0c0; font-family: trebuchet ms,geneva;&quot;&gt;Italy&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small; color: #c0c0c0; font-family: trebuchet ms,geneva;&quot;&gt;, assumed control of the port city as the ‘Commandante’.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small; color: #c0c0c0; font-family: trebuchet ms,geneva;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;Within a few weeks some seven thousand legionaries and four hundred sailors had joined him. They saw in D’Annunzio a heroic alternative to the sedentary parliamentarians they despised. For them the Commandante’s &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small; color: #c0c0c0; font-family: trebuchet ms,geneva;&quot;&gt;Fiume&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small; color: #c0c0c0; font-family: trebuchet ms,geneva;&quot;&gt; became “the symbol of a moral, political and social rejection of the entire established order.” The legionaries called for the freedom of all oppressed people and viewed with interest the Soviet experiment in &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small; color: #c0c0c0; font-family: trebuchet ms,geneva;&quot;&gt;Russia&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small; color: #c0c0c0; font-family: trebuchet ms,geneva;&quot;&gt;. They were open to an alliance with the syndicalists, anarchists and Socialists. D’Annunzio established contacts with Sean O’Kelly, the future President of Ireland, who then represented Sinn Fein in &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small; color: #c0c0c0; font-family: trebuchet ms,geneva;&quot;&gt;Paris&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small; color: #c0c0c0; font-family: trebuchet ms,geneva;&quot;&gt;; with the Egyptian nationalists; and with the Soviet government. Lenin referred to D’Annunzio as one of the only revolutionaries in &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small; color: #c0c0c0; font-family: trebuchet ms,geneva;&quot;&gt;Italy&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small; color: #c0c0c0; font-family: trebuchet ms,geneva;&quot;&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small; color: #c0c0c0; font-family: trebuchet ms,geneva;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;In asserting the independence of &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small; color: #c0c0c0; font-family: trebuchet ms,geneva;&quot;&gt;Fiume&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small; color: #c0c0c0; font-family: trebuchet ms,geneva;&quot;&gt;, Gabriele D’ Annunzio denounced the big powers, especially British imperialism:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small; color: #c0c0c0; font-family: trebuchet ms,geneva;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;“&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small; color: #c0c0c0; font-family: trebuchet ms,geneva;&quot;&gt;Fiume&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small; color: #c0c0c0; font-family: trebuchet ms,geneva;&quot;&gt; is as invincible as she has ever been. True, we may all perish beneath her ruins, but from these same ruins the spirit will rise again strong and vigorous. From the indomitable Sinn Fein of Ireland to the Red Flag which unites cross and crescent in &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small; color: #c0c0c0; font-family: trebuchet ms,geneva;&quot;&gt;Egypt&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small; color: #c0c0c0; font-family: trebuchet ms,geneva;&quot;&gt;, rebellions of the spirit, catching fire from our sparks, will burn afresh against the devourers of raw flesh, and the oppressors of unarmed nations. The voracious Empire which has possessed itself of Persia, Mesopotamia, New Arabia and a greater part of Africa, and yet is never satisfied, can, if it so wishes, send its aviator-murderers against us, just as in Egypt it was not ashamed to massacre insurgents, who were armed with nothing more than sticks.”&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small; color: #c0c0c0; font-family: trebuchet ms,geneva;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;Many of D’Annunzio’s emblems were later taken over by Mussolini. The legionaries’ black shirts derived from the tunics of first world war shock troops. Garibaldi, the father of modern &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small; color: #c0c0c0; font-family: trebuchet ms,geneva;&quot;&gt;Italy&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small; color: #c0c0c0; font-family: trebuchet ms,geneva;&quot;&gt;, had made all Italians familiar with the idea of a coloured shirt as a symbol of a liberating cause. Even the word Fascio, from which is derived Fascism, meaning “group” or “association” (literally “bundle”), had long been used by the Italian leftwing. In 1872 Garibaldi had founded a Fascio Operaio, and in 1891 an extreme leftwing group was set up known as Fascio dei Lavoratori.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small; color: #c0c0c0; font-family: trebuchet ms,geneva;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;For fifteen months the Commandante held out against Allied protests and an Italian government blockade. Then on &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small; color: #c0c0c0; font-family: trebuchet ms,geneva;&quot;&gt;24 December 1920&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small; color: #c0c0c0; font-family: trebuchet ms,geneva;&quot;&gt;, “the Christmas of Blood” as D’Annunzio called it, 20,000 troops moved against D’Annunzio’s 3,000.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small; color: #c0c0c0; font-family: trebuchet ms,geneva;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;While it lasted, the short lived Free State of Fiume, under the direction of Commandante D’Annunzio, stood as a heroic, passionate revolt against mediocrity. For in the words of D’Annunzio:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small; color: #c0c0c0; font-family: trebuchet ms,geneva;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;“Blessed are the youths who hunger and thirst for glory, for they shall be satisfied.”&lt;br /&gt;Gabriele D’Annunzio &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small; color: #c0c0c0; font-family: trebuchet ms,geneva;&quot;&gt;“Everything in life depends upon the eternally new. Man must either renew himself or die.”&lt;br /&gt;— D’Annunzio&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small; color: #c0c0c0; font-family: trebuchet ms,geneva;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;Gabriele D’Annunzio, Decadent poet, artist, musician, aesthete, womanizer, pioneer daredevil aeronautist, black magician, genius and cad, emerged from World War I as a hero with a small army at his beck and command: the “Arditi.” At a loss for adventure, he decided to capture the city of &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small; color: #c0c0c0; font-family: trebuchet ms,geneva;&quot;&gt;Fiume&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small; color: #c0c0c0; font-family: trebuchet ms,geneva;&quot;&gt; from &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small; color: #c0c0c0; font-family: trebuchet ms,geneva;&quot;&gt;Yugoslavia&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small; color: #c0c0c0; font-family: trebuchet ms,geneva;&quot;&gt; and give it to &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small; color: #c0c0c0; font-family: trebuchet ms,geneva;&quot;&gt;Italy&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small; color: #c0c0c0; font-family: trebuchet ms,geneva;&quot;&gt;. After a necromantic ceremony with his mistress in a cemetery in &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small; color: #c0c0c0; font-family: trebuchet ms,geneva;&quot;&gt;Venice&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small; color: #c0c0c0; font-family: trebuchet ms,geneva;&quot;&gt; he set out to conquer &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small; color: #c0c0c0; font-family: trebuchet ms,geneva;&quot;&gt;Fiume&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small; color: #c0c0c0; font-family: trebuchet ms,geneva;&quot;&gt;, and succeeded without any trouble to speak of. But &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small; color: #c0c0c0; font-family: trebuchet ms,geneva;&quot;&gt;Italy&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small; color: #c0c0c0; font-family: trebuchet ms,geneva;&quot;&gt; turned down his generous offer; the Prime Minister called him a fool.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small; color: #c0c0c0; font-family: trebuchet ms,geneva;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;In a huff, D’Annunzio decided to declare independence and see how long he could get away with it. He and one of his anarchist friends wrote the Constitution, which declared music to be the central principle of the State. The Navy (made up of deserters and Milanese anarchist maritime unionists) named themselves the Uscochi, after the long-vanished pirates who once lived on local offshore islands and preyed on Venetian and Ottoman shipping. The modern Uscochi succeeded in some wild coups: several rich Italian merchant vessels suddenly gave the Republic a future: money in the coffers! Artists, bohemians, adventurers, anarchists (D’Annunzio corresponded with Malatesta), fugitives and Stateless refugees, homosexuals, military dandies (the uniform was black with pirate skull-&amp;amp;-crossbones — later stolen by the SS), and crank reformers of every stripe (including Buddhists, Theosophists and Vedantists) began to show up at &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small; color: #c0c0c0; font-family: trebuchet ms,geneva;&quot;&gt;Fiume&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small; color: #c0c0c0; font-family: trebuchet ms,geneva;&quot;&gt; in droves. The party never stopped. Every morning D’Annunzio read poetry and manifestos from his balcony; every evening a concert, then fireworks. This made up the entire activity of the government. Eighteen months later, when the wine and money had run out and the Italian fleet finally showed up and lobbed a few shells at the &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small; color: #c0c0c0; font-family: trebuchet ms,geneva;&quot;&gt;Municipal&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small; color: #c0c0c0; font-family: trebuchet ms,geneva;&quot;&gt;Palace&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small; color: #c0c0c0; font-family: trebuchet ms,geneva;&quot;&gt;, no one had the energy to resist.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small; color: #c0c0c0; font-family: trebuchet ms,geneva;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;D’Annunzio, like many Italian anarchists, later veered toward fascism — in fact, Mussolini (the ex-Syndicalist) himself seduced the poet along that route. By the time D’Annunzio realized his error it was too late: he was too old and sick. But Il Duce had him killed anyway — pushed off a balcony — and turned him into a “martyr.” As for &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small; color: #c0c0c0; font-family: trebuchet ms,geneva;&quot;&gt;Fiume&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small; color: #c0c0c0; font-family: trebuchet ms,geneva;&quot;&gt;, though it lacked the seriousness of the free &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small; color: #c0c0c0; font-family: trebuchet ms,geneva;&quot;&gt;Ukraine&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small; color: #c0c0c0; font-family: trebuchet ms,geneva;&quot;&gt; or &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small; color: #c0c0c0; font-family: trebuchet ms,geneva;&quot;&gt;Barcelona&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small; color: #c0c0c0; font-family: trebuchet ms,geneva;&quot;&gt;, it can probably teach us more about certain aspects of our quest. It was in some ways the last of the pirate utopias (or the only modern example) — in other ways, perhaps, it was very nearly the first modern TAZ [Temporary Autonomous Zone].&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small; color: #c0c0c0; font-family: trebuchet ms,geneva;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;I believe that if we compare Fiume with the Paris uprising of 1968 (also the Italian urban insurrections of the early seventies), as well as with the American countercultural communes and their anarcho-New Left influences, we should notice certain similarities, such as: — the importance of aesthetic theory (cf. the Situationists) — also, what might be called “pirate economics,” living high off the surplus of social overproduction — even the popularity of colorful military uniforms — and the concept of music as revolutionary social change — and finally their shared air of impermanence, of being ready to move on, shape-shift, re-locate to other universities, mountaintops, ghettos, factories, safe houses, abandoned farms — or even other planes of reality. No one was trying to impose yet another Revolutionary Dictatorship, either at &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small; color: #c0c0c0; font-family: trebuchet ms,geneva;&quot;&gt;Fiume&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small; color: #c0c0c0; font-family: trebuchet ms,geneva;&quot;&gt;, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small; color: #c0c0c0; font-family: trebuchet ms,geneva;&quot;&gt;Paris&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small; font-family: trebuchet ms,geneva; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #c0c0c0;&quot;&gt;, or Millbrook. Either the world would change, or it wouldn’t. Meanwhile keep on the move and live intensely.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
        </content>
    </entry>
        <entry>
        <author>
            <name>Ratatosk</name>
            <uri>http://euro-synergies.hautetfort.com/about.html</uri>
        </author>
        <title>Dichtersoldat und Künder neuen Lebens</title>
        <link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://euro-synergies.hautetfort.com/archive/2010/09/24/dichtersoldat-und-kunder-neuen-lebens.html" />
        <id>tag:euro-synergies.hautetfort.com,2010-10-06:2914664</id>
        <updated>2010-10-06T00:05:00+02:00</updated>
        <published>2010-10-06T00:05:00+02:00</published>
        <summary>    Archives - 2003        &amp;nbsp;        Dichtersoldat und Künder neuen...</summary>
        <content type="html" xml:base="http://euro-synergies.hautetfort.com/">
          &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small; color: #c0c0c0; font-family: arial black,avant garde;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';&quot; lang=&quot;NL&quot;&gt;Archives - 2003&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small; color: #c0c0c0; font-family: arial black,avant garde;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';&quot; lang=&quot;NL&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: xx-large; color: #c0c0c0; font-family: arial black,avant garde;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';&quot; lang=&quot;NL&quot;&gt;Dichtersoldat und Künder neuen Lebens&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large; color: #c0c0c0; font-family: arial black,avant garde;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';&quot; lang=&quot;NL&quot;&gt;Vor 65 Jahren starb der aristokratische Nationalist Gabriele D’Annunzio&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large; color: #c0c0c0; font-family: arial black,avant garde;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';&quot; lang=&quot;NL&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small; color: #c0c0c0; font-family: trebuchet ms,geneva; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';&quot; lang=&quot;NL&quot;&gt;&lt;img id=&quot;media-2662045&quot; style=&quot;float: left; margin: 0.2em 1.4em 0.7em 0;&quot; src=&quot;http://euro-synergies.hautetfort.com/media/00/02/3834170324.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;d'annunzio_3.jpg&quot; /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Das 20. Jahrhundert bot geistigen Abenteurern Entfaltungsmöglichkeiten, von denen wir Heutige angesichts einer »verwalteten Welt« nur träumen können. Eine dieser abenteuerlichen Biographien des letzten Jahrhunderts hatte der italienische Dichter, Krieger und Nationalist Gabriele D’Annunzio (1863–1938). Beeinflußt von der Lebensphilosophie Friedrich Nietzsches, eroberte er nach Ende des Ersten Weltkriegs handstreichartig die Adriastadt Fiume und errichtete eine nationalistische Herrschaft des totalen Lebens.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #c0c0c0;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small; font-family: trebuchet ms,geneva; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';&quot; lang=&quot;NL&quot;&gt;Seit dem 18. Januar 1919 tagte die Pariser Friedenskonferenz unter dem Vorsitz des französischen Deutschenhassers Clemenceau und beriet über das Schicksal der Mittelmächte. Als die Sieger des Weltkrieges am 28. Juni 1919 unter der Drohung einer vollständigen militärischen Besetzung des Reiches und der Aufrechterhaltung der Hungerblockade die deutsche Unterzeichnung des Versailler Vertrages erzwangen, war die Empörung des gedemütigten deutschen Volkes über alle Parteigrenzen hinweg groß. Mit eiserner Hand zeichneten die Mitglieder des »Rates der Vier« völlig willkürlich eine neue Staatenkarte Nachkriegseuropas, die die Volkstumsgrenzen vielfach mißachtete. So sprach man Italien, das im Mai 1915 Österreich den Krieg erklärt hatte, völkerrechtswidrig den Süden Tirols zu.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #c0c0c0;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small; font-family: trebuchet ms,geneva; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';&quot; lang=&quot;NL&quot;&gt;Obwohl der italienische Regierungschef Orlando dem Vierer-Gremium der Sieger angehörte und eine reiche Kriegsbeute zulasten Deutsch-Österreichs aushandelte, fühlte man sich in Italien um den gerechten Lohn des Krieges betrogen. Der Tradition des sogenannten Irredentismus folgend, der italienische »Heimaterde« an das Mutterland anzuschließen gedachte, warf man auch begehrliche Blicke auf die gegenüberliegende Adriaküste. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #c0c0c0;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small; font-family: trebuchet ms,geneva; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';&quot; lang=&quot;NL&quot;&gt;So entbrannte zwischen Italien und dem künstlich geschaffenen Königreich der Serben, Kroaten und Slowenen 1919 ein politischer Streit um die in der Nähe Triests liegende Grenz- und Hafenstadt Fiume, das heutige Rijeka. In den Versailler Verhandlungsrunden beschloß man die Entsendung einer alliierten Truppe in die strittige und gemischt-ethnische Stadt. Nun sollte die geschichtliche Stunde des Gabriele D’Annunzio schlagen.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #c0c0c0;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small; font-family: trebuchet ms,geneva; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';&quot; lang=&quot;NL&quot;&gt;An der Spitze mehrerer hundert Soldaten der italienischen Sturmtruppen, der Arditi, rückte der weltbekannte Dichter und italienische Kriegsheld widerstandslos in die Adriastadt ein. In seiner ersten Rede verkündete er »die Heimkehr Fiumes, das in der tollen und niedrigen Welt der Verworfenheit die einzige Wahrheit, die einzige Liebe, das strahlende Flammenzeichen des italienischen Widerstandes ist.«&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #c0c0c0;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small; font-family: trebuchet ms,geneva; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';&quot; lang=&quot;NL&quot;&gt;Was sich in den nächsten fünfzehn Monaten in dieser Stadt des nietzscheanischen Lebens abspielte, kann politische Romantiker und revolutionäre Enthusiasten noch heute in Begeisterung versetzen. Es war ein die Sinne betörender Reigen aus nationalistischen Reden und Festen, aus Liebe, Rausch und Gesang, aus klirrenden Waffen, wehenden Fahnen und schwarzen Uniformen. In einem Brief fing D’Annunzio diese wohl einmalige Atmosphäre ein: »Gestern abend habe ich eine große Rede gehalten, mitten im brennenden Delirium. Du kannst dir dieses merkwürdige Leben in Fiume nicht vorstellen, wir verbringen die Nächte mit coup de mains, wie Diebe und Piraten.«&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #c0c0c0;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small; font-family: trebuchet ms,geneva; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';&quot; lang=&quot;NL&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #c0c0c0;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small; font-family: trebuchet ms,geneva;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';&quot; lang=&quot;NL&quot;&gt;Antibürgerliches Traumreich &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #c0c0c0;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small; font-family: trebuchet ms,geneva;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';&quot; lang=&quot;NL&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #c0c0c0;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small; font-family: trebuchet ms,geneva; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';&quot; lang=&quot;NL&quot;&gt;Die gewöhnlichen Gesetze der Politik waren außer Kraft gesetzt; das Leben spielte sich in einem Traumreich ab. Der Historiker Ernst Nolte bemerkte dazu: »All das war sehr viel mehr als das gigantische Theater eines genialen Regisseurs. Es waren nicht zuletzt englische Gäste, die vom Charme des Kommandanten bezaubert und von dem staatlichen Gegenbild zur alltäglichen Nüchternheit der bürgerlichen Gesellschaft hingerissen waren.« &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #c0c0c0;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small; font-family: trebuchet ms,geneva; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';&quot; lang=&quot;NL&quot;&gt;Neben D’Annunzio prägten vor allem die schwarzuniformierten italienischen Elitesoldaten, die Arditi, das Leben der Stadt. Im Weltkrieg für die gefährlichsten Unternehmen eingesetzt, lebten sie die Nietzsche-Forderung: Lebe gefährlich! Stirb stolz! Ihr Lied, die »Giovinezza«, wurde später die Hymne des italienischen Faschismus; ihr weißer Totenkopf auf schwarzem Hemd symbolisierte die Macht über Leben und Tod. Mit kurzen, glühenden Worten schrieb D’Annunzio:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #c0c0c0;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small; font-family: trebuchet ms,geneva; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';&quot; lang=&quot;NL&quot;&gt;»Bei den Arditi. Gegen Abend. Das wahre Feuer. Die Rede, die gierigen Gesichter – Die Rasse aus Flammen. Die Chöre – die offenen, klangvollen Lippen – Die Blumen, der Lorbeer. Der Ausgang. Die Dolche nackt in der Faust. Eine ,Grandezza‘, die ganz römisch ist. Alle Dolche hoch. Die Rufe. Der begeisterte Lauf der Kohorte. Das Fleisch auf Holzglut gebraten. Die auflodernde Flamme brennt im Gesicht – Das Delirium des Mutes. Rom: das Ziel!«&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #c0c0c0;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small; font-family: trebuchet ms,geneva; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';&quot; lang=&quot;NL&quot;&gt;Der dichtende Volkstribun schmetterte vom Balkon des Gouverneurspalastes seine mitreißenden Reden und versetzte die Menge in Zustände der Ekstase. D’Annunzio feierte sich, die Jugend, das Leben und das Vaterland. Wenn der »Comandante« die Frage »Wem gehört Italien?« in die Menge seiner Landsleute schleuderte, donnerte es ein »Uns!« zurück. Für den alternden Kriegsheld war Fiume mehr als ein Jungbrunnen, es war die glutvolle Revolte gegen eine rationale, materialistische Bürgerwelt: »Hier bin ich, ecce Homo (…). Ich bitte nur um das Recht, Bürger der Stadt des Lebens zu sein. In dieser närrischen und feigen Welt ist heute Fiume ein Zeichen der Freiheit.«&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #c0c0c0;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small; font-family: trebuchet ms,geneva; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';&quot; lang=&quot;NL&quot;&gt;Fiume wurde mit den Monaten aber auch Zeichen der Dekadenz: Vielfältige sexuelle Ausschweifungen prägten das Nachtleben, Drogen machten die Runde und die zahlreichen Fest- lichkeiten und Kulturveranstaltungen zerrütteten die Stadtfinanzen. Um die Anflüge von nationaler Anarchie einzudämmen und dem gemeinschaftlichen Leben wieder eine feste Form zu geben, erließ der Comandante im August 1920 eine neue Verfassung, die Carta del Canaro, die nationalistische, syndikalistische und aristokratische Elemente in sich vereinigte. Dieser Neuordnung sollte aber keine lange Dauer beschieden sein.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #c0c0c0;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small; font-family: trebuchet ms,geneva; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';&quot; lang=&quot;NL&quot;&gt;Nachdem sich Rom und Belgrad über den zukünftigen Status von Fiume als »Freistaat« geeinigt hatten, wurde der D’Annunzio zum Verlassen der Stadt aufgefordert. Als er dieser Forderung nicht nachkam, eröffnete das italienische Schlachtschiff »Andrea Doria« Ende Dezember 1920 das Feuer auf die Stadt, dem fast 40 Arditi zum Opfer fielen. Auf diese Weise endete das römische »Gesamtkunstwerk« Fiume. In einer letzten Rede verabschiedete sich D’Annunzio von der Adriaperle mit den Worten: »Wir werfen heute nacht den Trauerruf ,Alala‘ über die ermordete Stadt.«&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #c0c0c0;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small; font-family: trebuchet ms,geneva; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';&quot; lang=&quot;NL&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #c0c0c0;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small; font-family: trebuchet ms,geneva;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';&quot; lang=&quot;NL&quot;&gt;Ästhetisierung der Politik &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #c0c0c0;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small; font-family: trebuchet ms,geneva;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';&quot; lang=&quot;NL&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #c0c0c0;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small; font-family: trebuchet ms,geneva; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';&quot; lang=&quot;NL&quot;&gt;Was von dieser Nachkriegsepisode aber blieb, war der dort kreierte »faschistische Stil«, der für die nationalistischen Massenbewegungen bis 1945 bestimmend blieb. Sein Erfolgsgeheimnis war die Ästhetisierung der Politik und nicht die Politisierung der Kunst, wie sie die Kommunisten betrieben.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #c0c0c0;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small; font-family: trebuchet ms,geneva; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';&quot; lang=&quot;NL&quot;&gt;Das Fiume-Abenteuer mit seinem ungezügelten Leben, den Selbstinszenierungsmöglichkeiten und dem Ausleben eines heroischen Ästhetizismus war dem 1863 als Sohn eines Bürgermeisters geborenen Gabriele auf den Leib geschnitten. Von Eltern und Schwestern umhätschelt und von den Musen geküßt, entwickelte er früh ein außerordentliches Selbstbewußtsein: »Ich bin sechzehn Jahre alt und schon spüre ich in der Seele und im Geist das erste Feuer jener Jugend erglühen, die naht: in meinem Herzen ist tief eingeprägt ein maßloser Wunsch nach Wissen und Ruhm, welcher oft über mich mit einer düsteren und quälenden Melancholie herfällt und mich zum Weinen zwingt: ich dulde kein Joch.«&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #c0c0c0;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small; font-family: trebuchet ms,geneva; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';&quot; lang=&quot;NL&quot;&gt;Schnell machte er sich in Künstlerkreisen einen Namen und lebte seinen heidnischen Schönheits- und Sinnenkult in vollen Zügen aus. Er liebte extravagante Kleidung, Luxus in jeder Form und vor allem die Frauen, denen er in notorischer Untreue verfallen war. Seine großen Bücher »Lust« (1889), »Der Triumph des Todes« (1894) und »Feuer« (1900) drehen sich alle um stürmische Liebschaften und harsche Enttäuschungen großer Ästheten. Im ersten Jahrzehnt des 20. Jahrhunderts erreichte der Dichter bereits den Zenit seines künstlerischen Schaffens. Als der extrovertierte Dandy 1910 wieder einmal in eine finanzielle Krise geriet, siedelte er nach Frankreich über, wo sein politisches Bewußtsein und sein Draufgängertum reifte. Als 1914 der Weltkrieg ausbrach, forderte D’Annunzio den Kriegseintritt Italiens: »Ich hoffe, daß wir in zwei Wochen Österreich den Krieg erklären. Das wäre für mich eine freudige und schöne Gelegenheit, um in die Heimat zurückkehren zu können.« &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #c0c0c0;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small; font-family: trebuchet ms,geneva; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';&quot; lang=&quot;NL&quot;&gt;Als Italien dem deutschen Verbündeten 1915 den Krieg erklärte, wofür auch der damalige Sozialist Benito Mussolini kräftig getrommelt hatte, meldete sich der 52-jährige D’Annunzio freiwillig an die Front. Schnell erwarb er sich legendären Kriegsruhm. Noch nachdem er bei einer Flugzeuglandung ein Auge verloren hatte, steuerte er 1918 ein Flugzeug bis nach Wien, wo er anti-österreichische Flugblätter abwarf und nach der Überlieferung über dem Parlamentsgebäude einen Topf mit Exkrementen entleerte. Zugegebermaßen ein origineller Ausdruck seiner Parlaments- und Habsburgerverachtung.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #c0c0c0;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small; font-family: trebuchet ms,geneva; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';&quot; lang=&quot;NL&quot;&gt;Das Ende des Krieges und damit der Steigerung aller Lebenskräfte im Waffengang entließ ihn wieder in das fade Leben der westlichen Gesellschaft. »Was soll ich mit dem Frieden anfangen?«, fragte er sich. Doch dann rief ihn Fiume!&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #c0c0c0;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small; font-family: trebuchet ms,geneva; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';&quot; lang=&quot;NL&quot;&gt;D’Annunzios Verhältnis zum seit 1922 regierenden Faschismus war distanzierter als man vielleicht annehmen möchte. Als Mussolini nach dem Tode des Dichtersoldaten vor 65 Jahren dessen Anwesen besuchte und mit ihm Zwiesprache hielt, sagte er: »Nein, Comandante, du bist nicht tot, und du wirst niemals sterben, solange es, eingepflanzt inmitten des Mittelmeeres, eine Halbinsel gibt, die man Italien nennt«&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #c0c0c0;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small; font-family: trebuchet ms,geneva; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';&quot; lang=&quot;NL&quot;&gt;Als Repräsentant eines elitären deutschen Nationalismus wäre Gabriele D’Annunzio mit seinen schweren Anflügen von Dekadenz undenkbar gewesen. Georg L. Mosse stellt deutlich den Unterschied des italienischen »Fascho-Dandys« etwa zum deutschen Dichterkreis um Stefan George und dessen Ideal der Reinheit und Zucht heraus: &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #c0c0c0;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small; font-family: trebuchet ms,geneva; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';&quot; lang=&quot;NL&quot;&gt;»Sie hätten jedwede Bezichtigung der Dekadenz von sich gewiesen, und wirklich hätten die ihnen eigene Harmonie der Form, die Klarheit des Ausdrucks und die Ergebenheit gegenüber dem nationalen Anliegen keinen Platz in der Dekadenzbewegung gefunden. Gabriele D’Annunzios mystische Ekstasen, seine erotische Hemmungslosigkeit waren ihnen fremd. Sein überbordender italienischer Nationalismus steht im Gegensatz zu ihrem ernsthaften und eindringlichen Versuch, das wahre Deutschland zu enthüllen.«&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #c0c0c0;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small; font-family: trebuchet ms,geneva; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';&quot; lang=&quot;NL&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #c0c0c0;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small; font-family: trebuchet ms,geneva;&quot;&gt;&lt;em style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';&quot; lang=&quot;NL&quot;&gt;Jürgen W. Gansel&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #c0c0c0;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small; font-family: trebuchet ms,geneva;&quot; lang=&quot;NL&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
        </content>
    </entry>
        <entry>
        <author>
            <name>Ratatosk</name>
            <uri>http://euro-synergies.hautetfort.com/about.html</uri>
        </author>
        <title>L'insegnamento della Costituzione di Fiume</title>
        <link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://euro-synergies.hautetfort.com/archive/2010/03/23/2.html" />
        <id>tag:euro-synergies.hautetfort.com,2010-04-18:2665980</id>
        <updated>2010-04-18T00:16:00+02:00</updated>
        <published>2010-04-18T00:16:00+02:00</published>
        <summary>       L'insegnamento della Costituzione di Fiume...</summary>
        <content type="html" xml:base="http://euro-synergies.hautetfort.com/">
          &lt;div id=&quot;content_container&quot; class=&quot;clearingfix&quot;&gt; &lt;div id=&quot;breadcrumb&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial black,avant garde;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #c0c0c0;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;breadcrumbs pathway&quot;&gt;L'insegnamento della Costituzione di Fiume&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div class=&quot;floatbox&quot;&gt; &lt;table&gt; &lt;tbody&gt; &lt;tr&gt; &lt;td width=&quot;100%&quot; class=&quot;contentheading&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.hautetfort.com/index.php?option=com_content&amp;amp;view=article&amp;amp;id=342:linsegnamento-della-costituzione-di-fiume&amp;amp;catid=47:articoli&amp;amp;Itemid=198&quot; class=&quot;contentpagetitle&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;/tbody&gt; &lt;tbody&gt; &lt;tr&gt; &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr&gt; &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot;&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;small&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #c0c0c0;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: trebuchet ms,geneva;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial black,avant garde;&quot;&gt;Scritto da Giorgio Emili&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;small&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.area-online.it/&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #c0c0c0;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: trebuchet ms,geneva;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial black,avant garde;&quot;&gt;http://www.area-online.it/&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #c0c0c0;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: trebuchet ms,geneva;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial black,avant garde;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr&gt; &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; class=&quot;createdate&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr&gt; &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot;&gt; &lt;p align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #c0c0c0;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: trebuchet ms,geneva;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;img name=&quot;media-2352035&quot; src=&quot;http://euro-synergies.hautetfort.com/media/00/01/1167381983.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;Dannunzio_ingressa_Fiume.jpg&quot; style=&quot;border-width: 0; float: right; margin: 0.2em 0 1.4em 0.7em;&quot; id=&quot;media-2352035&quot; /&gt;La politica si spezza il cuore a forza di predicozzi e buoni sentimenti, nell’era del conflitto sociale.&lt;br /&gt; La Costituzione dovrebbe fare da collante e i valori in essa contenuti dovrebbero essere totalmente condivisi. La realtà, come bene abbiano visto, è un’altra: addirittura opposta. Lo scontro è aperto, i valori non sono condivisi, aleggia da decenni l’idea non dichiarata di una parte giusta che ha vinto e che reca in sé tutto il bene possibile.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #c0c0c0;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: trebuchet ms,geneva;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;La Costituzione italiana – serve parlar chiaro -&amp;nbsp; in molte parti nasconde questa realtà.&lt;br /&gt; Per molti aspetti continua a essere la Costituzione del dissenso, prodotta da una frattura della storia italiana.&lt;br /&gt; Le istituzione cercano, giustamente, di evidenziare le note concilianti, il sapore pieno di salvaguardia della democrazia e dei valori innati. L’evidenza dei fatti e la scarsa considerazione, da parte dei comuni cittadini, del tessuto della nostra Costituzione (certo, quanti la conoscono realmente?, quanti hanno approfondito le sue norme?) testimoniano che il passo decisivo verso la reale distensione degli animi non è ancora compiuto. Del resto perché tanti tentativi di riforma, perché tante dichiarazioni sulla necessità di un suo adeguamento?&lt;br /&gt; La fiducia nella Costituzione ha, da sempre, sopito il conflitto, rasserenato gli animi, colmato i buchi di ogni possibile deriva. Questo però, a quanto pare, non basta. Fiducia cieca nella Costituzione, ci mancherebbe, ma è bello ricordare che esiste (è esistito) un modello costituzionale diverso (e per certi versi controverso) che ha un filo conduttore invidiabile.&lt;br /&gt; Da uno scritto di Achille Chiappetti abbiamo scoperto una felice ricostruzione della Carta del Carnaro, la Costituzione di Fiume.&lt;br /&gt; «Lo Statuto della Reggenza italiana del Carnaro, promulgato l’8 settembre del 1920, costituisce da sempre – scrive Chiappetti - un angolo oscuro quasi perduto della coscienza costituzionale del nostro Paese. Il suo testo predisposto dal socialista rivoluzionario Alceste De Ambris rappresenta infatti un insieme di estrema modernità e di inventiva anticipatoria di quelli che sarebbero stati i successivi sviluppi dell’organizzazione economica dello Stato fascista e delle democrazie moderne. Il suo impianto – spiega - fondato sul sistema corporativo e sul valore del lavoro produttivo, come fondamento dell’eguaglianza e della libertà, nonché sul non riconoscimento della proprietà se non come funzione sociale, costituisce un modello che e stato troppo spesso dimenticato». Ma la parte più affascinante di quelle considerazioni sullo statuto fiumano riguarda l’analisi di singole norme, soprattutto se confrontate con le attuali della nostra Costituzione.&lt;br /&gt; «La Reggenza riconosce e conferma la sovranità di tutti i cittadini&amp;nbsp; - dice lo Statuto -, senza distinzione di sesso, di stirpe, di lingue, di classe, di religione». «Amplia ed innalza e sostiene sopra ogni altro diritto i diritti dei produttori». Ancora: «La Reggenza si studia di ricondurre i giorni e le opere verso quel senso di virtuosa gioia che deve rinnovare dal profondo il popolo finalmente affrancato da un regime uniforme di soggezione e di menzogne». Si respira&amp;nbsp; - chiosa Achille Chiappetti - «un aria di positività e di concordia quasi da costituzione statunitense e non il clima di tensione e scontro che risuona nelle prime parole della nostra Carta repubblicana».&lt;br /&gt; Le conclusioni hanno forte sapore dannunziano e meritano di essere segnalate. Si innalza, infatti, su tutti l’articolo XIV della Carta del Carnaro: «La vita è bella e degna che veramente e magnificamente la viva l’uomo rifatto intiero dalla libertà».&lt;br /&gt; «È nello Statuto fiumano, dunque, che e possibile trovare l’ispirazione per un concetto di socialità posto in maniera differente e del tutto a-conflittuale che meriterebbe di essere ripreso per dare forza ad un nuovo risorgimento italiano».&lt;br /&gt; Ecco. La felicita nella nostra Costituzione non c’è – dice Chiappetti - . E non solo lui.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;/tbody&gt; &lt;/table&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;/div&gt;
        </content>
    </entry>
        <entry>
        <author>
            <name>Ratatosk</name>
            <uri>http://euro-synergies.hautetfort.com/about.html</uri>
        </author>
        <title>La Carta del Carnero - Une constituzione scomoda</title>
        <link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://euro-synergies.hautetfort.com/archive/2010/03/22/d136bda30ca6291bdb884a3b41fe202a.html" />
        <id>tag:euro-synergies.hautetfort.com,2010-04-18:2663988</id>
        <updated>2010-04-18T00:10:00+02:00</updated>
        <published>2010-04-18T00:10:00+02:00</published>
        <summary>             &amp;nbsp;         La carta del Carnaro. Una costituzione scomoda...</summary>
        <content type="html" xml:base="http://euro-synergies.hautetfort.com/">
          &lt;table class=&quot;contentpaneopen&quot;&gt; &lt;tbody&gt; &lt;tr&gt; &lt;td width=&quot;100%&quot; class=&quot;contentheading&quot;&gt; &lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center&quot;&gt;&lt;img name=&quot;media-2349706&quot; src=&quot;http://euro-synergies.hautetfort.com/media/02/00/77657351.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;fiume_1257547348.jpg&quot; style=&quot;border-width: 0; margin: 0.7em 0;&quot; id=&quot;media-2349706&quot; /&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #c0c0c0;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: trebuchet ms,geneva;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial black,avant garde;&quot;&gt;La carta del Carnaro. Una costituzione scomoda&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;/td&gt; &lt;td width=&quot;100%&quot; align=&quot;right&quot; class=&quot;buttonheading&quot;&gt;&lt;a rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; href=&quot;http://www.hautetfort.com/index.php?view=article&amp;amp;catid=45%3Aanalisi&amp;amp;id=82%3Ala-carta-del-carnaro-una-costituzione-scomoda&amp;amp;format=pdf&amp;amp;option=com_content&amp;amp;Itemid=96&quot; onclick=&quot;window.open(this.href,'win2','status=no,toolbar=no,scrollbars=yes,titlebar=no,menubar=no,resizable=yes,width=640,height=480,directories=no,location=no'); return false;&quot; title=&quot;PDF&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td width=&quot;100%&quot; align=&quot;right&quot; class=&quot;buttonheading&quot;&gt;&lt;a rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; href=&quot;http://www.hautetfort.com/index.php?view=article&amp;amp;catid=45%3Aanalisi&amp;amp;id=82%3Ala-carta-del-carnaro-una-costituzione-scomoda&amp;amp;tmpl=component&amp;amp;print=1&amp;amp;layout=default&amp;amp;page=&amp;amp;option=com_content&amp;amp;Itemid=96&quot; onclick=&quot;window.open(this.href,'win2','status=no,toolbar=no,scrollbars=yes,titlebar=no,menubar=no,resizable=yes,width=640,height=480,directories=no,location=no'); return false;&quot; title=&quot;Stampa&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td width=&quot;100%&quot; align=&quot;right&quot; class=&quot;buttonheading&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.hautetfort.com/index.php?option=com_mailto&amp;amp;tmpl=component&amp;amp;link=aHR0cDovL2lkZW9kcm9tb2Nhc2Fwb3VuZC5vcmcvaW5kZXgucGhwP29wdGlvbj1jb21fY29udGVudCZ2aWV3PWFydGljbGUmaWQ9ODI6bGEtY2FydGEtZGVsLWNhcm5hcm8tdW5hLWNvc3RpdHV6aW9uZS1zY29tb2RhJmNhdGlkPTQ1OmFuYWxpc2k=&quot; onclick=&quot;window.open(this.href,'win2','width=400,height=350,menubar=yes,resizable=yes'); return false;&quot; title=&quot;E-mail&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;/tbody&gt; &lt;/table&gt; &lt;table class=&quot;contentpaneopen&quot;&gt; &lt;tbody&gt; &lt;tr&gt; &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot;&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;small&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #c0c0c0;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: trebuchet ms,geneva;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial black,avant garde;&quot;&gt;Scritto da Andrea Venanzoni&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;small&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://ideodromocasapound.org/&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #c0c0c0;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: trebuchet ms,geneva;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial black,avant garde;&quot;&gt;http://ideodromocasapound.org/&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #c0c0c0;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: trebuchet ms,geneva;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #c0c0c0;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: trebuchet ms,geneva;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr&gt; &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot;&gt; &lt;div style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: verdana,geneva;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #c0c0c0;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: trebuchet ms,geneva;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Uscita formalmente vincitrice dal primo conflitto mondiale, l’Italia si presenta in realtà come una nazione economicamente e socialmente allo sbando; un sistema produttivo prevalentemente a base rurale rimasto inerte e cristallizzato durante i lunghi anni del logoramento bellico, inflazione, disoccupazione, un certo tasso di arretratezza politica considerata dalla popolazione al pari di immobilismo e incapacità decisionale, i primi fermenti rivoluzionari portati dalla eco sempre più vicina della Rivoluzione d’Ottobre e dello spartachismo tedesco(1), danno un quadro desolato e raggelante di un paese sulla soglia della agitazione rivoluzionaria.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: verdana,geneva;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #c0c0c0;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: trebuchet ms,geneva;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;In questa composita situazione, si leva alto al cielo il grido dannunziano della vittoria mutilata; fortemente ostile alla linea filo-alleati e alla politica estera di Orlando e del suo Ministro degli Esteri Sonnino (accusati di non saper gestire le delicate trattative di Versailles, soprattutto in tema di annessione della ricca città di Fiume), ancorata questa alle direttive del Presidente americano Wilson (col quale pure si registrano degli screzi , screzi originanti da una condotta scorretta del Wilson stesso che in sprezzante violazione dei principii elementari della politica internazionale si rivolge direttamente in un discorso al popolo italiano invitandolo ad accettare ciò che Orlando non sembra voler accettare, ovvero la rinuncia ai territori giuliani e dalmati),&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: verdana,geneva;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #c0c0c0;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: trebuchet ms,geneva;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;il Vate raduna una eterogenea pattuglia di militari, ex Arditi, sindacalisti rivoluzionari, artisti, anarchici e avventurieri e alla loro testa si insedia a Fiume per lavare quella che è vissuta a tutti gli effetti come una tragica onta.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: verdana,geneva;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #c0c0c0;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: trebuchet ms,geneva;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Siamo nel Settembre 1919(2).&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: verdana,geneva;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: verdana,geneva;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #c0c0c0;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: trebuchet ms,geneva;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Fiume rappresenta all’epoca una realtà decisamente particolare; alla fine del secolo XVIII l'imperatrice Maria Teresa aveva concesso alla città lo status speciale di corpus separatum, garantendo una non indifferente autonomia amministrativa e finanziaria.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: verdana,geneva;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #c0c0c0;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: trebuchet ms,geneva;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;La particolare posizione geografica poi e lo speciale statuto giuridico avevano favorito lo sviluppo di Fiume non solo come centro commerciale, ma pure come città cosmopolita, intellettualmente vivace. All’interno della città la componente etnica italiana era divenuta nel corso degli anni maggioritaria, tanto che la locale comunità italiana costituitasi in Consiglio Nazionale immediatamente dopo la vittoria nel primo conflitto mondiale aveva unilateralmente proclamato l’annessione all’Italia.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: verdana,geneva;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #c0c0c0;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: trebuchet ms,geneva;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Per quanto possa apparire paradossale, considerato lo stato d’assedio permanente(3) e la ristrettezza geomorfologica dell’enclave, l’area fiumana diventa subito uno straordinario laboratorio socio-giuridico; sul motivo o sui motivi che hanno reso possibile ciò si è scritto in abbondanza(4), quel che preme sottolineare è naturalmente la straordinaria capacità di mediazione operata da D’Annunzio, il quale riesce sin dall’inizio in forza del suo indubitabile carisma a ricomporre le disarmonie e le fratture intellettuali registratesi tra l’anima anarco-libertaria e quella più prettamente nazionalistica.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: verdana,geneva;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: verdana,geneva;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #c0c0c0;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: trebuchet ms,geneva;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Il primo problema da affrontare è la denominazione stessa della enclave; lungi dal rivestire solo una importanza nominalistica, la questione è invece prettamente e squisitamente politica. Mentre i nazionalisti e gli Arditi spingono affinchè Fiume divenga Reggenza e quindi estensione sulla costa giuliano-dalmata del territorio italiano, sposando quindi in pieno le tesi degli Irredentisti confluiti nel Consiglio Nazionale, i sindacalisti rivoluzionari, gli anarchici e l’anima operaista preferiscono di gran lunga sancire un’autonomia formale e sostanziale dall’Italia utilizzando la denominazione di Repubblica.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: verdana,geneva;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #c0c0c0;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: trebuchet ms,geneva;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;A quanto sembra, su questo punto si consuma uno degli scontri intellettuali più intensi tra il Vate e Alceste de Ambris(5); il sindacalista rivoluzionario italiano, amico fraterno di Filippo Corridoni(6), nominato Capo di Gabinetto nel Comando Fiumano dal gennaio 1920 avrebbe senza dubbio alcuno preferito lasciare sullo sfondo le istanze meramente irredentiste e annessioniste per concentrarsi maggiormente sulla riorganizzazione amministrativa e sociale dello Stato fiumano (o della “città libera di Fiume” come si diceva ricorrendo a suggestioni anarchiche). Di questa larvata tensione dialettica tra D’Annunzio e De Ambris sarà dato trovare traccia lungo tutto il testo della Carta.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: verdana,geneva;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: verdana,geneva;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #c0c0c0;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: trebuchet ms,geneva;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Ad ogni modo, in considerazione del non secondario fatto che l’ala militare dei Fiumani è decisamente schierata su posizioni nazionaliste e che del Consiglio Nazionale ormai fanno parte anche iscritti ai Fasci di Combattimento mussoliniani, De Ambris accetta la denominazione di Reggenza, preferendo ottenere riconoscimenti di stampo sociale nella normazione dedicata al lavoro e al sistema rappresentativo.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: verdana,geneva;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #c0c0c0;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: trebuchet ms,geneva;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;La stesura della Carta nasce da un imperativo eminentemente organizzativo; vi è necessità di sottoporre l’enclave ad una sia pur minimale forma di controllo e di governo, nella speranza che l’Italia nittiana smetta di temporeggiare e proceda alla tanto aspirata annessione. Quindi più che una vera e propria Costituzione, uno Statuto amministrativo legato in modo specifico alla amministrazione delle Finanze e al reperimento dei fondi di cui la eterogenea pattuglia dannunziana abbisogna(7).&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: verdana,geneva;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #c0c0c0;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: trebuchet ms,geneva;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Per capire lungo quale tortuoso percorso logico, giuridico e culturale quello che sarebbe dovuto essere un mero Statuto di carattere effimero si trasforma in una vera e propria Costituzione diventa imprescindibile analizzare lo staff chiamato alla operazione di studio e di redazione della Carta stessa. Operazione che tra l’altro presenta il non secondario merito di spazzare via alcune ombre di mero folklore che aleggiano ancora oggi sulla impresa, sulla Reggenza e sulla Carta fiumana.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: verdana,geneva;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #c0c0c0;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: trebuchet ms,geneva;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Quando infatti ci si riferisce alla Carta del Carnaro si è soliti ritenerla frutto del genio estemporaneo del Vate e si tende a mettere in risalto solo gli aspetti più prettamente letterari (come ad esempio l’incardinamento della Musica in un testo normativo) e si dimenticano tutti quei tecnici, giuristi, economisti, sindacalisti che misero il loro impegno al servizio della redazione di uno dei testi costituzionali più innovativi dell’epoca (e che conserva notevoli accenti di modernità ancor oggi).&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: verdana,geneva;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #c0c0c0;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: trebuchet ms,geneva;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;D’Annunzio, come detto, deve reperire dei fondi e far gestire il Ministero dell’Economia da un tecnico; inizia una ricognizione di personalità accademiche ed istituzionali che lo possano aiutare sia nella gestione delle finanze sia nell’affrontare i problemi concettuali legati alla sfera delle imposizioni fiscali. Per dirigere l’economia fiumana il Vate quindi cerca, nel marzo del 1920, di attirare a Fiume anzitutto Giuseppe Toeplitz, consigliere delegato della Banca Commerciale, che però rifiuta.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: verdana,geneva;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #c0c0c0;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: trebuchet ms,geneva;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Risposta negativa il Comandante riceve anche da Giuseppe Volpi, altro grande finanziere(8).&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: verdana,geneva;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #c0c0c0;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: trebuchet ms,geneva;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Inaspettatamente ad accettare è una personalità che, in apparenza, non potrebbe esser più distante dai governanti fiumani; il grande economista Maffeo Pantaleoni.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: verdana,geneva;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #c0c0c0;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: trebuchet ms,geneva;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Sulle motivazioni che spingono Pantaleoni ad accettare l’incarico sembra prevalere il nazionalismo dello studioso, ammesso da lui stesso nel carteggio intercorso con D’Annunzio(9). L’esponente di punta, assieme a Vilfredo Pareto, del filone italico della corrente teorica denominata marginalismo ebbe modo di percorrere durante la sua esistenza una parabola non solo teorica e di studio ma anche esistenziale che lo condusse da una acceso liberalismo individualista ad una fiducia assoluta nella forza e nel potere di equilibrio espletato dallo Stato. Tanto che Pantaleoni, nella introduzione di un suo volume, arriverà a scrivere &lt;em&gt;“il più grande, il più perfetto, il più splendido nazionalista che la guerra abbia rivelato presso di noi è Gabriele D’Annunzio. Molto l’Italia deve a quest’uomo, il più straordinario per intensità di sentimento e ricchezza di pensiero”&lt;/em&gt;(10).&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: verdana,geneva;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: verdana,geneva;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #c0c0c0;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: trebuchet ms,geneva;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;In realtà l’idillio non dura molto; quando Pantaleoni arriva a Fiume, oltre alla tenuta del Ministero a cui è stato preposto viene chiamato a collaborare al documento costituzionale ed iniziano allora feroci scontri con le anime più libertarie ed intransigenti dell’Impresa. Effettivamente conciliare la posizione rigidamente statualista (quasi statolatrica) dell’economista con quelle autonomiste, microfederaliste dei vari De Ambris e Keller o con quelle eroico-futuriste di altri personaggi diventa un gioco di ardimento equilibristico. Lo scontro più violento, ed insanabile, però si consuma con i fautori del corporativismo, dottrina questa che Pantaleoni non può e non vuole culturalmente accettare.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: verdana,geneva;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #c0c0c0;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: trebuchet ms,geneva;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Il corporativismo, come noto, non conosce una sua intrinseca univocità strutturale; ne è esistita una corrente di stampo cattolico(11), una più prettamente anarco-socialista (slegata quindi, in ottica di puro mutualismo proudhoniano, da ogni intervento dello Stato(12)) ed un corporativismo statualista che sfocerà poi in quello di stampo fascista.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: verdana,geneva;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #c0c0c0;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: trebuchet ms,geneva;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Per i fautori di questa corrente e per la sua immissione nella carta costituzionale il corporativismo deve essere inteso come la collaborazione delle forze economiche di una Nazione, coordinate dallo Stato, secondo principi produttivistici, al fine di proteggere le economie nazionali dai tentativi egemonici di carattere monetario e politico operati da varie consorterie internazionali. In realtà mentre per lo stesso De Ambris l’intervento statuale può essere in qualche misura limitato, per altri Fiumani, esso deve comunque essere presente.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: verdana,geneva;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #c0c0c0;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: trebuchet ms,geneva;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Per Pantaleoni, il corporativismo rischia di portare con sé il germe del particolarismo economico, fenomeni di lobbying, stratificazioni sociali non più controllabili dallo Stato. Una disarmonia generalizzata ai limiti dell’anarchia.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: verdana,geneva;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #c0c0c0;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: trebuchet ms,geneva;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Dopo incontri, gruppi di studio, proposte accettate, cassate, smussate e lavorate più o meno finemente di cesello, si giunge l’8 Settembre del 1920 alla Promulgazione della Carta. Un testo certamente particolare, sia per alcuni profili di radicale innovazione dell’assetto statuale sia per l’inserimento, del tutto inusuale per un testo giuridico, di licenze poetiche, passi letterari (soprattutto nella considerazione della musica come cardine dello Stato) e palesi contraddizioni di cui si darà conto successivamente, avvertendo sin da ora che aporie e contraddizioni non sarebbero mai potute mancare stante la diversità culturale (ai limiti della irriducibilità ad unità) dei contributi proposti.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: verdana,geneva;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #c0c0c0;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: trebuchet ms,geneva;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Il testo della Carta viene fatto precedere da un preambolo dal sapore puramente storico-letterario, ai limiti della mitopoiesi, significativamente titolato “Della perpetua volontà popolare”, in cui si ricostruisce il valore simbolico della città libera e si fa promessa di consegnarne la gloria imperitura all’Italia (a cui tuttavia non si manca di muovere critica per l’immobilismo, con le parole “la trista Italia, che lascia disconoscere e annientare la sua propria vittoria” tipizzando in certa misura lo spettro della vittoria mutilata); già da questa parte della Carta si comprende chiaramente la sua differenza formale con un qualunque testo costituzionale, poiché D’Annunzio afferma ex professo di voler andare oltre il mero status di corpus separatum e di voler far entrare in vigore la Costituzione come forma di controllo temporaneo sull’area in attesa dell’annessione.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: verdana,geneva;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: verdana,geneva;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #c0c0c0;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: trebuchet ms,geneva;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Con l’art I si radica la sovranità (non a caso gli articoli dal I al XIV vanno sotto la rubrica di “dei fondamenti”), sia a livello rappresentativo sia a livello geografico (nel testo del medesimo articolo, sempre il I si assiste al passaggio di livello logico tra radicamento della sovranità nella libera audoterminazione del popolo e dato morfologico del confine orientale da difendere...). Particolarmente significativo il disposto dell’art IV(13); si sancisce in modo inequivoco un criterio di uguaglianza sostanziale, mirandosi a superare ogni forma di discriminazione per motivi di sesso, razza, convincimento ideologico, ceto, per poi passare ad una elevazione del diritto del produttore sopra ogni altro diritto, con frasi che echeggiano i principii proudhoniani. Principii proudhoniani che tornano, sia pure giocati sul delicato crinale di libertà individuale e mantenimento dell’ordine sociale, nell’articolo V laddove si fa riferimento alla tensione verso la giustizia e alla liberazione dai vincoli e dalla soggezione.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: verdana,geneva;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #c0c0c0;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: trebuchet ms,geneva;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Anche l’elencazione dei cd diritti civili e politici lascia sbalorditi per l’assoluta modernità; dopo aver stabilito in modo chiaro l’uguaglianza tra i sessi, la Carta si premura di eliminare in radice qualunque ipotesi di coartazione delle libertà individuali, soprattutto quando queste investono la delicata sfera della credenza religiosa. Unico limite, lascia chiaramente intendere l’art. VII, la contrarietà al bene comune e alla stabilità, limite che verrà normativizzato in apposite leggi (le quali comunque non potranno essere equivoche, fumose, in tanto delicata materia).&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: verdana,geneva;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #c0c0c0;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: trebuchet ms,geneva;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Dopo aver stabilito il diritto all’educazione come diritto imprescindibile della persona umana, si arriva ad uno degli articoli certo più significativi dell’impalcatura normativa; il IX, che recita &lt;em&gt;“lo Stato non riconosce la proprietà come il dominio assoluto della persona sopra la cosa, ma la considera come la piú utile delle funzioni sociali. Nessuna proprietà può essere riservata alla persona quasi fosse una sua parte; né può esser lecito che tal proprietario infingardo la lasci inerte o ne disponga malamente, ad esclusione di ogni altro. Unico titolo legittimo di dominio su qualsiasi mezzo di produzione e di scambio è il lavoro. Solo il lavoro è padrone della sostanza resa massimamente fruttuosa e massimamente profittevole all'economia generale.”&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: verdana,geneva;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #c0c0c0;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: trebuchet ms,geneva;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Si tratta di una innovazione lungimirante e sociologicamente parlando di grande brillantezza; la funzionalizzazione sociale della proprietà (che avrà vasta eco nei lavori del Costituente repubblicano, tanto poi da finire ad esempio nel secondo comma dell’art 41) e la sua riconduzione nell’alveo del lavoro individuale sono frutto di una visione analitica estremamente precisa, proiettata nel futuro e senza dubbio disancorata dal dato sociale di una Italia in cui la proprietà è all’epoca quasi esclusivamente fondiaria ed in cui l’occupazione della terra costituisce risorsa primaria.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: verdana,geneva;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #c0c0c0;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: trebuchet ms,geneva;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Questa concezione della proprietà rappresenta una evidente rottura con schemi ottocenteschi, che consideravano in senso deteriore qualunque intervento statale in materia di traffici interprivatistici; si pensi alla notissima frase del giurista francese Portalis, uno dei massimi ispiratori del Code Civil del 1804, secondo cui ai privati compete la proprietà, al Sovrano l’impero, sancendo concettualmente l’esistenza di due sfere che avrebbero fatto meglio ad ignorarsi a vicenda.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: verdana,geneva;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #c0c0c0;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: trebuchet ms,geneva;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;L’eco della impostazione borghese e napoleonica si era pesantemente riverberata nel codice civile italiano del 1865; si pensi all’articolo 436 che definiva la proprietà come “diritto di godere e disporre della cosa nella maniera più assoluta purchè non se ne faccia un uso vietato dalle leggi o dai regolamenti”, si tratta in tutta evidenza di una norma ispirata da profondo egoismo mercantilistico, in cui l’unica accezione negativa di cui può connotarsi la proprietà è quando essa arriva a minacciare l’ordine pubblico o la struttura del consesso, non rilevando quindi la mera speculazione o la distonia sociale che essa dovesse determinare. Piuttosto curioso che, nonostante come detto gli articoli 41 e 42 della costituzione repubblicana tendano ad affermare (più su carta che non nella sostanza) una funzione sociale della proprietà poi sopravvivano norme come quella dell’art 841 del codice civile, norma che ancora oggi sancisce una assolutezza dei diritti del proprietario (nel caso di specie, del proprietario del fondo).&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: verdana,geneva;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: verdana,geneva;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #c0c0c0;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: trebuchet ms,geneva;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Allo stesso modo rileva l’art. XIII in cui per la prima volta nel testo compaiono le Corporazioni, qui al pari di Cittadini e Comuni considerate forze che concorrono al moto e alla formazione universitaria e sociale. Il lavoro torna in quella che è una delle norme più singolari dell’intera Carta, l’art. XIV; formalmente dedicato ai principii religiosi, di sapore estetizzante e con una smaccata aura nietzschana (soprattutto nella definizione dell’ “uomo intiero”) vede comparire ancora una volta il lavoro, vero motore non tanto invisibile della compagine statuale fiumana.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: verdana,geneva;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #c0c0c0;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: trebuchet ms,geneva;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Con l’art XVIII si entra nel delicato ambito della organizzazione corporativa; ambito delicato perché la struttura corporativa può sottendere tanto ad una ricerca esasperata della democrazia diretta, tesa alla rappresentatività cetuale e dei produttori, quanto ad un controllo capillare di schietta ispirazione organicistica o totalitaria da parte dello Stato. Detto articolo viene a prevedere le corporazioni in numero di dieci, con simbologia presa dal Comune (quindi ricorrendo direttamente ai mitemi medievali) e con proprio Statuto regolamentare interno. Il successivo articolo XIX passa in rassegna la morfologia e le caratteristiche delle varie corporazioni; merita accennare la più particolare di queste, la decima, chiamata a dare rappresentanza “ alle forze misteriose del popolo in travaglio e in ascendimento. E' quasi una figura votiva consacrata al genio ignoto, all'apparizione dell'uomo novissimo, alle trasfigurazioni&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: verdana,geneva;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #c0c0c0;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: trebuchet ms,geneva;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;ideali delle opere e dei giorni, alla compiuta liberazione dello spirito sopra l'ànsito penoso e il sudore di sangue. E' rappresentata, nel santuario civico, da una lampada ardente che porta inscritta un'antica parola toscana dell'epoca dei Comuni, stupenda allusione a una forma spiritualizzata del lavoro umano: &quot;Fatica senza fatica &quot;.”(14)&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: verdana,geneva;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #c0c0c0;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: trebuchet ms,geneva;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Non a caso l’ultima corporazione è innominata ed eminentemente priva di fisiologia; essa finisce con l’incarnare lo spirito costruttore che deve informare l’azione delle precedenti nove corporazioni(15). D’altronde uno spirito-guida finisce con l’essere indispensabile se si pensa che alle Corporazioni la Carta assegna un altissimo grado di autonomia decisionale e funzionale; esse svolgono fini di mutualità sociale, mettono in piedi strutture assicurative e previdenziali, si autogovernano, impongono ai loro aderenti dei tributi per l’autofinanziamento. Vedono riconosciuta la personalità giuridica di diritto pubblico.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: verdana,geneva;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: verdana,geneva;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #c0c0c0;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: trebuchet ms,geneva;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Il raccordo con il potere centrale, la Reggenza, è determinato dall’articolo XXI secondo un criterio di autonomia e di collaborazione, in previsione del fine ultimo; non a caso si fa esplicito parallelismo con il riconoscimento delle autonomie locali, i Comuni.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: verdana,geneva;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #c0c0c0;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: trebuchet ms,geneva;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;E proprio il dettato normativo concernente i Comuni (articoli da XXII a XXVI) rappresenta una delle innovazioni più radicali, riconoscimento pieno ed esplicito dell’autonomia locale al massimo grado. Si pensi invece alla situazione italiana, dall’entrata in vigore dello Statuto albertino (che tra l’altro riconosce gli enti locali ma li normativizza in modo incidentale e limitato) sino agli anni venti; gli enti locali sono organizzati secondo il modello di accentramento francese, con dei Prefetti scelti dal potere centrale e dipendenti dal Ministero degli Interni operanti nella provincia e chiamati a rappresentare il Governo e ad essere al tempo stesso organi di vertice dell’amministrazione locale, coi Comuni governati da un Sindaco scelto dal Governo (tra i consiglieri comunali) e con una serie di controlli pervasivi esperiti dal Governo stesso, controlli che non investono solo la sfera della legittimità ma anche quella del merito(16).&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: verdana,geneva;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #c0c0c0;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: trebuchet ms,geneva;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Ai Comuni si riconosce il potere di stipulare trattati e accordi, di comporre le fratture sociali che si dovessero riscontrare al loro interno (a meno che queste non si facciano insanabili e non debba intervenire il potere centrale della Reggenza), in caso di contrasto tra le finalità perseguite dal Comune e la Reggenza una valutazione sarà data dalla Corte della Ragione (giudice delle leggi, sorta di Corte Costituzionale antesignana) attraverso un giudizio di conflitto di attribuzioni.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: verdana,geneva;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: verdana,geneva;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #c0c0c0;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: trebuchet ms,geneva;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Per quel che invece concerne il potere legislativo, anche qui si riscontrano delle novità significative e delle concettualizzazioni ardite e moderne; aldilà dell’aspetto nominalistico, per cui si prevedono due Camere, il Consiglio degli Ottimi e quello dei Provvisori, bisogna mettere in luce il riconoscimento del suffragio universale tout- court con estensione dell’elettorato attivo (e passivo; posto che per essere eletti nel Consiglio degli Ottimi è sufficiente il requisito del poter votare, mentre nel caso del Consiglio dei Provvisori, che è espressione delle Corporazioni, si deve appartenere alla Corporazione di riferimento) anche alle donne. L’età per votare è fissata a venti anni.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: verdana,geneva;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #c0c0c0;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: trebuchet ms,geneva;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Anche qui si colgono chiaramente delle nette differenze con la normativa costituzionale italiana dell’epoca; pur rimanendo anche nel caso fiumano la legge elettorale fuori dall’alveo costituzionale (pur se l’articolo XXXI, limitatamente al Consiglio dei Provvisori, parla esplicitamente di criterio della rappresentanza proporzionale), le età per essere eletti divergono in modo inequivoco (trenta anni in Italia, venti a Fiume; si veda l’art 40 dello Statuto albertino a tale proposito). Inoltre in Italia si prevedevano requisiti censitari sconosciuti alla Carta del Carnaro.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: verdana,geneva;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: verdana,geneva;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #c0c0c0;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: trebuchet ms,geneva;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Le due Camere, o Consigli, hanno attribuzioni radicalmente differenziate, in forza della loro diversa composizione; il potere legislativo compete al Consiglio degli Ottimi che lo esercita nella stesura del Codice penale e civile, nella organizzazione della Polizia, della Difesa nazionale, della Istruzione pubblica secondaria, delle Arti belle, dei Rapporti fra lo Stato e i Comuni. Al contrario il Consiglio dei Provvisori, espressione delle categorie corporative, ha potestà legislativa in materia di diritto commerciale, diritto della navigazione, diritto del lavoro e quelle che oggi potremmo definire relazioni industriali, diritto tributario e bancario.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: verdana,geneva;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #c0c0c0;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: trebuchet ms,geneva;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Le decisioni più rilevanti, come ad esempio i trattati internazionali e la riforma del testo costituzionale, competono al cd Arengo del Carnaro (anche noto come Consiglio Nazionale), ovvero i due Consigli di cui si è detto sopra, riuniti in seduta comune.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: verdana,geneva;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: verdana,geneva;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #c0c0c0;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: trebuchet ms,geneva;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Il potere esecutivo conosce la sua sistemazione in due articoli, il XXXV e il XXXVI; si tratta di due norme eminentemente descrittive, che passano in rassegna la struttura dei Rettori, equivalenti dei Ministri. Essi sono raccolti in un ufficio, un organo collegiale assimilabile in qualche misura al Consiglio dei Ministri in cui il primo Rettore svolge la sua funzione di coordinamento e di apertura del dibattito, come “primus inter pares”.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: verdana,geneva;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: verdana,geneva;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #c0c0c0;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: trebuchet ms,geneva;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Una delle novità più rilevanti è situata anche nell’ordinamento giudiziario cui la Carta dedica una cospicua mole di norme; esercizio migliore non potrebbe esservi di una lettura sinottica di queste norme e delle corrispondenti che lo Statuto albertino dedica all’argomento. Salta subito all’occhio quanto scarne siano le norme previste dalla costituzione italiana vigente in quegli anni, gli articoli dal 68 al 73; articoli che rimandano prevalentemente alla legge settoriale occupandosi poco della morfologia giudiziaria e del processo.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: verdana,geneva;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #c0c0c0;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: trebuchet ms,geneva;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Al contrario la Carta del Carnaro all’articolo XXXVII delinea una lunga serie di organi giudiziari, alcuni dei quali di sorprendente modernità; essi sono i Buoni uomini, i Giudici del Lavoro, i Giudici togati, i Giudici del Maleficio, la Corte della Ragione. Gli articoli successivi si dilungano in maniera organica a delineare la funzione peculiare e specifica di questi giudici.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: verdana,geneva;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #c0c0c0;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: trebuchet ms,geneva;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;I buoni uomini potrebbero essere considerati antesignani dei nostri giudici di pace, con competenza esclusivamente su materie civili aventi un valore non superiore alle cinquemila lire, ed una residuale competenza in sede penale per quei reati che potremmo definire bagattellari, con pena non superiore all’anno di reclusione.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: verdana,geneva;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #c0c0c0;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: trebuchet ms,geneva;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;L’articolo XXXIX si dilunga in maniera articolata per delineare le caratteristiche della magistratura del Lavoro, e non potrebbe essere altrimenti se si pensa l’importanza che il lavoro riveste nella Carta. Si tratta di una norma di grandissima finezza giuridica, in cui al giudice del lavoro sono rimesse le cause lavorative e legate alle dinamiche corporative, materie tecniche e come tali ben conoscibili da esperti del settore che saranno appunto nominati giudici dalle varie Corporazioni; non solo, il Costituente fiumano prevede anche, per garantire celerità e speditezza nel rendere giustizia, la creazione di sezioni specializzate, le quali saranno chiamate a riunirsi nel caso di proposizione di appello.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: verdana,geneva;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #c0c0c0;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: trebuchet ms,geneva;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Vi sono poi giudici togati, giurisperiti chiamati in via residuale a decidere sulle cause che non appartengano alla giurisdizione di buoni uomini o tribunale del lavoro.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: verdana,geneva;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #c0c0c0;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: trebuchet ms,geneva;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Questi giudici, in organo collegiale definito Tribunale, costituiscono giudice d’appello per quel che concerne le cause proposte davanti ai Buoni Uomini.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: verdana,geneva;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #c0c0c0;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: trebuchet ms,geneva;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;L’articolo XLI prevede l’istituzione del cd Tribunale del Maleficio, composto da sette cittadini-giurati e da un giudice togato con funzioni di presidente. Si tratta di una sorta di Corte d’Assise penale, competente inoltre a decidere sui reati a sfondo politico.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: verdana,geneva;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #c0c0c0;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: trebuchet ms,geneva;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Vi è poi l’istituzione della Corte della Ragione, supremo giudice delle leggi (e dei provvedimenti dell’esecutivo), organo chiamato a giudicare anche dei conflitti di attribuzione tra legislatore ed enti locali(17).&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: verdana,geneva;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #c0c0c0;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: trebuchet ms,geneva;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Si tratta in tutta evidenza di una costituzionalizzazione della funzione giudiziaria eminentemente diversificata rispetto a quella accolta dalle carti costituzionali ispirate ai criteri francesi, in cui la magistratura è un ordine con garanzie formali e sostanziali di indipendenza rispetto agli altri poteri; certamente permane grado di autonomia, in quanto non vi è soggezione del giusdicente rispetto agli altri poteri dello Stato però allo stesso tempo non esiste nemmeno una magistratura in senso tecnico.Anzi, gran parte dei cittadini chiamati a far valere la funzione giudiziaria sono diretta emanazione di interessi corporativi, con l’eccezione dei togati e dei dottori in legge nominati a comporre la Corte della Ragione.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: verdana,geneva;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #c0c0c0;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: trebuchet ms,geneva;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;D’altronde basta scorrere la normativa italiana, pre e post-unitaria, in tema di ordinamento giudiziario per comprendere come la magistratura di carriera, costituita in autonoma classe specializzata, fosse divenuta a tutti gli effetti un corpo più o meno separato dall’esecutivo (più o meno perché ad esempio la legge Cortese, r.d. 2626/1865 ancorava in modo abbastanza netto la nomina dei magistrati a seguito di concorso indetto dall’esecutivo e soprattutto ne delineava lo status in termini non prettamente di indipendenza; nemmeno le modifiche intervenute successivamente, fino al 1890, andavano nel senso di una autonomizzazione, autonomizzazione che si palesò al’orizzonte solo con la legge organica Zanardelli, la l. 6878/1890 e con la legge Orlando, l. 438/1908...tuttavia nel 1920, quando la Carta del Carnaro viene promulgata la magistratura italiana gode di una piena autonomia, con tanto dell’avvenuta creazione del CSM e inamovibilità dei pretori, ed una sempre più evidente tecnicizzazione della funzione.). Nella Reggenza di Fiume a rigore non esiste una vera magistratura, non si prevedono contrappesi e bilanciamenti tra le funzioni, tanto che le Corporazioni, che appartengono a tutti gli effetti al novero dei corpi sociali e che esprimono anche una loro funzione legislativa (a mezzo di nomina di cittadini che finiranno nel Consiglio dei Provvisori), sono anche chiamate ad esprimere dei “magistrati” tecnici per il processo del Lavoro e per altre Corti.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: verdana,geneva;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #c0c0c0;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: trebuchet ms,geneva;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Questa curiosa commistione di differenti livelli logici troverà una sua peculiare eco nell’ordinamento Grandi; per fare un esempio che sia chiarificatore basta leggere il paragrafo ventinovesimo della Relazione del Guardasigilli al Re, paragrafo in cui si esprime chiaramente una visione etica dello Stato e della funzione giudiziaria che deve permanere indipendente solo per non vedere turbare il giudizio del magistrato (nonostante poi il magistrato stesso debba essere “responsabilizzato” verso il raggiungimento del bene supremo della comunità statuale). Certo una nozione curiosa di indipendenza.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: verdana,geneva;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: verdana,geneva;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #c0c0c0;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: trebuchet ms,geneva;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Consci della effimera consistenza della Reggenza, o quantomeno del suo essere minacciata dall’esercito italiano, i costituenti decidono tuttavia di costituzionalizzare la figura del Comandante, ricalcata palesemente sulla figura del “dittatore” del diritto pubblico romano; figura necessariamente transitoria, chiamata a risolvere casi di eccezionale gravità, il Comandante assomma tutti i poteri. La durata del suo incarico è stabilita dal Consiglio Nazionale, che è pure competente alla sua nomina.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: verdana,geneva;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #c0c0c0;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: trebuchet ms,geneva;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;La difesa nazionale, strettamente interrelata alla figura del Comandante, viene affidata al “popolo in armi”, e tanto gli uomini quanto le donne devono prendere parte alle attività militari, i primi come combattenti le seconde come ausiliarie.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: verdana,geneva;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #c0c0c0;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: trebuchet ms,geneva;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;L’art XLIX contiene una disposizione piuttosto oscura, prevedendo che “in tempo di pace e di sicurezza, la Reggenza non mantiene l'esercito armato; ma tutta la nazione resta armata, nei modi prescritti dall'apposita legge, e allena con sagace sobrietà le sue forze di terra e di mare”. Si tratta indubbiamente del tentativo di configurare una vera e propria milizia di popolo, sulla scia di suggestioni rivoluzionarie riprese dalla esperienza sovietica. Una conferma a questa impostazione ci arriva da uno scritto di De Ambris(18), in cui si mette in luce l’analogia intercorrente tra bolscevismo e fascismo (almeno il primo fascismo, quello cui lo stesso De Ambris aveva inizialmente abbracciato); non a caso nella temperie fiumana si tenterà la sintesi tra nazionalismo e istanze rivoluzionarie sociali, attingendo al patrimonio culturale dei cd teorici della violenza rivoluzionaria, come Blanqui e Sorel, che come noto furono tra le letture di formazione pure del giovane Mussolini.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: verdana,geneva;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #c0c0c0;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: trebuchet ms,geneva;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;L’oscurità della norma adombra in realtà una contraddizione; il non mantenimento dell’esercito in armi cozza decisamente con il concetto di una nazione che resta comunque armata. E per quanto, come tenta di precisare il resto della disposizione, si operi una differenza tra servizio militare attivo e istruzione militare vi è da dire che la norma non si chiarifica, se non nel senso di una enunciazione di principio che vuole appunto la determinazione di una milizia popolare.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: verdana,geneva;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #c0c0c0;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: trebuchet ms,geneva;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Per rimanere in tema di spirito popolare e di democrazia diretta, alcune norme si premurano di garantire al cittadino la possibilità di partecipare, sia pur in modo limitato e mediato, al processo legislativo.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: verdana,geneva;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: verdana,geneva;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #c0c0c0;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: trebuchet ms,geneva;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;A norma dell’art LV &lt;em&gt;“ogni sette anni il grande Consiglio nazionale si aduna in assemblea straordinaria per la riforma della Costituzione. Ma la Costituzione può essere riformata in ogni tempo quando sia chiesta dal terzo dei cittadini in diritto di voto. Hanno facoltà di proporre emendamenti al testo della Costituzione i membri del Consiglio nazionale le rappresentanze dei Comuni la Corte della Ragione le Corporazion.”.&lt;/em&gt; Invece per l’art LVI, &lt;em&gt;“tutti i cittadini appartenenti ai corpi elettorali hanno il diritto d'iniziare proposte di leggi che riguardino le materie riservate all'opera dell'uno o dell'altro Consiglio, rispettivamente. Ma l'iniziativa non è valida se almeno il quarto degli elettori, per l'uno o per l'altro Consiglio, non la promuova e non la sostenga.”&lt;/em&gt;.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: verdana,geneva;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #c0c0c0;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: trebuchet ms,geneva;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;La carta costituzionale disciplina anche l’istituto della riprova, ovvero un referendum da leggersi sia in chiave propositiva quanto abrogativa.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: verdana,geneva;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #c0c0c0;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: trebuchet ms,geneva;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Estremamente moderno, e attuale, l’art LIX, il quale stabilisce che &lt;em&gt;“nessun cittadino può esercitare piú di un potere né partecipare di due corpi legislativi nel tempo medesimo”&lt;/em&gt;.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: verdana,geneva;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #c0c0c0;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: trebuchet ms,geneva;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Abbiamo visto come la Carta sia un testo estremamente moderno, persino ardito in alcune parti; non mancano, come si accennava più sopra, delle contraddizioni e delle aporie soprattutto dettate dal tono generale di enunciazione solenne, persino meta- letteraria. E così, se da un lato sono comprensibili il mancato raccordo concettuale tra istanze socialisteggianti e quelle più smaccatamente nazionalistiche e statolatriche, diventa invece più arduo comprendere come in tema culturale la Carta si affretti a sancire l’uguaglianza di tutte le lingue salvo poi specificare che la lingua superiore a tutte, per retaggio storico e missione universale è quella italiana. Partizione comprensibile in termini di opportunità politica, meno in una prospettiva giuridica e costituzionale.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: verdana,geneva;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: verdana,geneva;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #c0c0c0;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: trebuchet ms,geneva;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;La Carta tuttavia non ha modo di essere messa alla prova; promulgata l’8 Settembre del 1920, quindi al crepuscolo dell’esperienza fiumana (che sarebbe definitivamente finita col cd Natale di sangue in quello stesso anno), essa si appresta quindi a passare alla storia come uno di quei documenti di altissimo valore simbolico, come la Costituzione della Repubblica romana, priva però di una reale messa in pratica.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: verdana,geneva;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #c0c0c0;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: trebuchet ms,geneva;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Al Fascismo quel documento risulterà pressocchè inservibile(19) dal punto di vista pratico-organizzativo (ma non certamente da quello culturale); gli unici studiosi fascisti che si interesseranno ad essa saranno gli analisti del pensiero corporativo, come Menegazzi, Peteani, Ugo Spirito(20) ma la loro visione del corporativismo sarà decisamente differenziata rispetto a quella sussunta nel dato normativo della Carta.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: verdana,geneva;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #c0c0c0;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: trebuchet ms,geneva;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Piuttosto il Fascismo riprenderà la visione del lavoro fiumana e la tipizzerà nella Carta del Lavoro, cercando di dare un seguito, mediante il Ministero delle Corporazioni, alla piena collaborazione armonica tra le classi per il superiore bene della Nazione. Ma ciò che soprattutto il Fascismo riprenderà sarà il sostrato culturale sotteso alla esperienza fiumana, anche se la funzionalizzazione sociale della proprietà sarà raggiunta soltanto nel sudario di sangue e fuoco della Repubblica Sociale.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: verdana,geneva;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: trebuchet ms,geneva;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #c0c0c0;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: trebuchet ms,geneva;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Note&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: trebuchet ms,geneva;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;ol style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt; &lt;li&gt; &lt;div align=&quot;justify&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: trebuchet ms,geneva;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #c0c0c0;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: trebuchet ms,geneva;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Una cui anticipazione poteva essere vista su suolo italico nella cd “settimana rossa” consumatasi nel 1914, e che aveva portato alla costituzione delle prime squadre di autodifesa organizzate da industriali ed agrari per arginare le contestazioni violente delle Leghe socialiste. La fenomenologia dei moti insurrezionali e delle violenze politiche pre e post-belliche è ricostruita, nel generale quadro ricostruttivo delle origini del Fascismo, dalle teoria di Chabod, Tasca e Nenni, secondo i quali si potrebbe parlare di una “periodizzazione del fascismo”, ovvero di fasi storiche in cui il fascismo sarebbe stato presente sia pure in nuce.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;/li&gt; &lt;li&gt; &lt;div align=&quot;justify&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: trebuchet ms,geneva;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #c0c0c0;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: trebuchet ms,geneva;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;In realtà Orlando, suggestionato da questo clima e preoccupato che potessero nascere moti insurrezionali, anziché cercare un compromesso, resta fermo nelle pretese sulla Dalmazia ed aggiunge la richiesta di annessione di Fiume all'Italia, ordinando anche, in risposta all'appello del Consiglio Nazionale fiumano, lo sbarco di alcuni reparti militari a Fiume.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;/li&gt; &lt;li&gt; &lt;div align=&quot;justify&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: trebuchet ms,geneva;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #c0c0c0;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: trebuchet ms,geneva;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;La scarsa incisività diplomatica di Orlando, tornato in Italia stanco e sfiduciato, costa cara al giurista; la Camera difatti gli vota contro ed il suo posto viene preso da Nitti. Il quale Nitti si dimostra decisamente ancor meno benevolo nei confronti della ipotesi di annettere Fiume all’Italia.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div align=&quot;justify&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;/li&gt; &lt;li&gt; &lt;div align=&quot;justify&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: trebuchet ms,geneva;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #c0c0c0;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: trebuchet ms,geneva;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Vedasi ex multis, Renzo De Felice: “La Carta del Carnaro”, Bologna, Il Mulino, 1973 , Renzo De Felice: “D’Annunzio politico (1918-1928)”, Roma-Bari, Laterza, 1978 , G. Negri e S. Simoni: “Le Costituzioni inattuali”, Roma, Ed. Colombo, 1990; soprattutto il De Felice, nel suo “la Carta del Carnaro”, op. cit., p. 10, mette in luce un dato estremamente importante; D’Annunzio si trova alla guida di una pattuglia certo eterogenea per aspirazioni e idealità, ma omogenea nella tensione verso la creazione di una compagine organizzativa nuova, soprattutto omogenea nel dato sociale, cetuale e culturale. Mentre al contrario l’Italia era divisa e frammentata da divisioni sociali, culturali di grande rilevanza.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;/li&gt; &lt;li&gt; &lt;div align=&quot;justify&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: trebuchet ms,geneva;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #c0c0c0;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: trebuchet ms,geneva;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;C. Salaris, “Alla festa della rivoluzione. Artisti e libertari con D’Annunzio a Fiume”, Bologna, 
        </content>
    </entry>
        <entry>
        <author>
            <name>Ratatosk</name>
            <uri>http://euro-synergies.hautetfort.com/about.html</uri>
        </author>
        <title>La pazza del Bargello - Il d'Annunzio pagano</title>
        <link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://euro-synergies.hautetfort.com/archive/2009/04/16/la-pazza-del-bargello-il-d-annunzio-pagano.html" />
        <id>tag:euro-synergies.hautetfort.com,2009-04-16:2139468</id>
        <updated>2009-04-16T00:10:00+02:00</updated>
        <published>2009-04-16T00:10:00+02:00</published>
        <summary>             La pazza del Bargello.       Il D’Annunzio pagano       di Luca...</summary>
        <content type="html" xml:base="http://euro-synergies.hautetfort.com/">
           &lt;div class=&quot;Titolo_big&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;http://www.mirorenzaglia.org/wp-content/uploads/2009/02/dannunzio_fondo-magazine.jpg&quot; /&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div class=&quot;Titolo_big&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div class=&quot;Titolo_big&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-decoration: underline;&quot;&gt;La pazza del Bargello.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div class=&quot;Titolo_big&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-decoration: underline;&quot;&gt;Il D’Annunzio pagano&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;artAutore&quot;&gt;di Luca Leonello Rimbotti&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt; &lt;br /&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;newsSottotitolo&quot;&gt;Fonte: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.hautetfort.com/admin/posts/scheda_fonte.php?id=93&amp;amp;PHPSESSID=43af810f21eddc5417b66602287ed773&quot; title=&quot;mirorenzaglia&quot;&gt;mirorenzaglia [scheda fonte]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt; &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;newsSottotitolo&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Come sappiamo, nella cultura europea a cavallo tra Otto e Novecento - corrosa dal degrado positivista - D’Annunzio ha significato la rivolta romantica e dionisiaca del gesto audace, dell’istinto vittorioso, dell’immersione nella sensualità selvatica. Era la rivendicazione di un patrimonio di atavismi che il razionalismo moderno stava spegnendo con la sua&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;newsSottotitolo&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;violenta irruzione nei mondi della tradizione:&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;a rel=&quot;lightbox[5580]&quot; href=&quot;http://www.mirorenzaglia.org/wp-content/uploads/2009/02/dannunzio_fondo-magazine.jpg&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;strong&gt;di qui l’amore per la bellezza dorica - che l’Immaginifico assaporò nella sua crociera greca del 1895 -, per il lusso dell’estetica, per la volontà di potenza che crea il Superuomo.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;div class=&quot;entry-content&quot;&gt; &lt;div class=&quot;clickquote cqhover&quot;&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;In D’Annunzio c’è la sintesi del volontarismo di Nietzsche, dello slancio vitale di Bergson e della filosofia dell’azione di Blondel: in lui dunque si riassumono al meglio - nella poesia, nella narrativa, nella vita vissuta e poi nell’interventismo eroico del “poeta-soldato” - tutti i patrimoni culturali e ideologici che la vecchia Europa rilancerà in chiave tradizionale e anti-modernista. E con D’Annunzio, infatti, avremo il tipico rappresentante di quella figura di esteta armato che dominerà gli eventi a partire dalla guerra del 1914: da Jünger a Marinetti, da Soffici a Péguy ai vorticisti inglesi.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;I messaggi di egualitarismo democratico e di individualismo borghese con cui il progressismo stava già allora sfibrando le radici europee, vennero rovesciati con una rivolta neo-pagana, nuova e antica, intesa a impugnare l’identità arcaica come un’arma estetica, letteraria e, infine, anche politica. Nel tardo Ottocento, D’Annunzio è già una guida per queste energie antagoniste, che saranno l’avanguardia europea delle future rivoluzioni nazionali del XX secolo.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Incastonato tra La Vergine delle rocce del 1895 e Il Fuoco del 1900, cioè i due bastioni del sovrumanismo nietzscheano rielaborato da D’Annunzio, c’è un piccolo capolavoro di solito trascurato dagli esegeti - forse perché al frivolo pubblico parigino dell’epoca non piacque il suo andamento sofoclèo e a quelli di oggi giunge estranea ogni forma di pensiero mitico -, ma che ben si inserisce nel filone neo-pagano, che è il fulcro di tutta l’opera dell’Inimitabile. Alludiamo al Sogno di un mattino di primavera, dramma “rinascimentale” buttato giù alla svelta nel 1897, nello spazio di pochi giorni, per placare il dispetto di Eleonora Duse [nel ritratto sotto a sinistra], cui pochi mesi prima era stata preferita Sarah Bernhardt nel ruolo di protagonista della Città morta.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;In questo apice di vis tragica che è il Sogno, D’Annunzio dà fondo alla sua inesauribile vena visionaria. Del personaggio principale, Donna Isabella, la Demente, impazzita per essersi vista uccidere dal marito l’amante stretto tra le braccia, egli fa un’icona dell’uscita dalla normalità attraverso il più atroce dolore. E dell’ingresso in quell’arcano spazio aperto che è la follia, la grande follia. D’Annunzio scrisse il Sogno di un mattino di primavera in piena febbre nietzscheana: aveva da poco scoperto la grandezza recondita del Solitario, fu anzi tra i primi in Europa a capirne e divulgarne il genio rivoluzionario, ne rimase impregnato e ne impregnò molta parte della sua opera: pensiamo al Trionfo della morte, del 1894, in cui il “superuomo” Giorgio Aurispa esalta il «sentimento della potenza, l’istinto di lotta e di predominio, l’eccesso delle forze generatrici e fecondanti, tutte le virtù dell’uomo dionisiaco».&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;E proprio nel Sogno noi ritroviamo, schermati dietro il tragico destino individuale della pazza Isabella, questi stessi valori. Ciò che D’Annunzio definiva essenzialmente come la «giustizia dell’ineguaglianza». La Demente - creatura per definizione ineguale, inassimilabile alla normalità che appiattisce e livella - diventa il lato femminile e notturno del suprematismo virile e attivo proclamato da D’Annunzio. Chiusa in un micromondo claustrale, circondata dalle attenzioni cliniche dei “normali”, la pazza d’amore è lo specchio teatrale della follia vera in cui si rinchiuse Nietzsche. Ricordiamo che quando D’Annunzio scriveva questa sua prosa tragica, Nietzsche era ancora vivo, ma già da anni tutto avvolto da una pazzia inespressiva, che aveva ormai già dato tutto, e che era il prezzo che dovette pagare per aver troppo a lungo fissato le voragini della mente. Come l’Isabella di D’Annunzio, Nietzsche visse i suoi ultimi anni sorvegliato a vista dai “vivi”, per lo più ignari di quale profonda sapienza ci possa essere in simili fughe dalla “normalità”.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Bisogna tornare più spesso al D’Annunzio “minore”, a quello del Libro ascetico della Giovane Italia, dei Taccuini, della Vita di Cola di Rienzo… e a quello del Sogno di un mattino di primavera. Quando ripenso al D’Annunzio folgorale e insieme notturnale, alla sua capacità medianica di trasferire nei posteri i suoi mondi di apparizioni e di presenze arcane attraverso sedute di veri e propri transfert scenici, mi torna alla mente una rappresentazione del Sogno a cui ebbi modo di assistere anni fa, nel cortile del Palazzo del Bargello di Firenze. Qui prese corpo, dapprima lentamente, poi in maniera trascinante, la rarissima sintesi tra l’eloquenza traboccante della parola dannunziana e l’eloquenza muta dell’antica pietra squadrata: il Bargello, austero palazzo medievale. Questo prezioso vestigio della Firenze gotica e ghibellina, spazio di severità duecentesca un tempo sacrario del potere popolare, sede del Podestà e della Guardia del Capitano del Popolo, eretto da un Lapo Tedesco che fu forse il padre di Arnolfo di Cambio, è il luogo che meglio si prestava alla congiura dannunziana tra raffinatezza dei sensi e rigore della volontà politica. Qui D’Annunzio soleva venire e tornare, fermandosi davanti alle opere del Verrocchio, di Benedetto da Maiano, del Laurana…dai suoi Taccuini sappiamo che fu più volte al Bargello negli anni della sua residenza alla Capponcina di Firenze: aggirandosi tra quei capolavori, gli venne l’idea di fare una delle sue coltissime citazioni. E nel Sogno fa dire a Isabella di un busto di Desiderio da Settignano che lei teneva amorevolmente sulle ginocchia, consumandolo di pianto e di carezze.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Il Sogno di un mattino di primavera è un cammeo di prodigi. Qui D’Annunzio l’occulto, l’uomo d’arme che conosceva le tecniche dell’estasi, che invocava gli attimi visionari, che era sciamano, taumaturgo e profeta, ci mette a contatto con una creatura esiliata dalla vita, ma aperta a valori di eccezionale trascendenza. La Pazza si è fatta&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;a rel=&quot;lightbox[5580]&quot; href=&quot;http://www.mirorenzaglia.org/wp-content/uploads/2009/02/duse_fondo-magazine.jpg&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;strong&gt;fare una veste verde, vuole diventare natura, vuole essere selva: «Ora potrò distendermi sotto gli alberi…non s’accorgeranno di me…sarò come l’erba umile ai loro piedi…vedo verde, come se le mie palpebre fossero due foglie trasparenti…io potrò dunque con gli alberi, con i cespugli, con l’erba essere una cosa sola…». E si fa guanti di rami, stringe ghirlande, si fascia di fili d’erba, aspetta di farsi bosco per rivivere in natura la natura selvaggia del suo amore. Impossibile non riandare, davanti a tali celebrazioni, a quella passione per la dimensione dionisiaca e panteista che, ad esempio, traspare in certe inquadrature del Trionfo della morte: l’epopea del «dominatore coronato&amp;nbsp; da quella corona di rose ridenti di cui parla Zarathustra…». Qualcosa che ricorre di nuovo quando Giorgio Aurispa il solitario, nell’osservare il tramonto, sente pulsare gli annunci di Zarathustra nel trionfo di una natura esuberante, irta di colori che eccitano l’animo e fondono l’uomo con le più enigmatiche energie del creato. Perfetta creazione silvestre, simbolo compiuto di pagana immersione nella natura pànica, l’Isabella del Sogno reca anche archetipi di morte, di sangue e di scatenata sensualità.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Essa ci rimanda con naturale similitudine alla Wildfrau nordica, la “vergine selvatica” che percuote le notti durante la caccia selvaggia di Wotan, così come compare nel mito indoeuropeo della ridda, che accomuna mistero, magia e ancestrali terrori, giacenti nella sfera della natura barbarica e nel subconscio atavico dell’uomo: purissimo scrigno da cui sale - quando la si sa udire - la voce del sangue primordiale. Come spesso accade alla tregenda pagana, la morte e il dolore non sono tuttavia disgiunti da una sensualità istintuale. E, infatti, profondamente sensuale è il contatto di Isabella col corpo dell’amato morente, da cui sgorga sangue come da una fonte inesauribile. Il suo trauma si muta allora in una sorta di allucinazione orgasmica:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;«…La sua bocca mi versava tutto il sangue del suo cuore, che mi soffocava; e i miei capelli n’erano intrisi; e il mio petto inondato; e tutta quanta io ero immersa in quel flutto…com’erano piene le sue vene e di che ardore! Tutto l’ho ricevuto sopra di me, fino all’ultima stilla; e gli urli selvaggi che mi salivano alla bocca io li ho rotti coi miei denti che stridevano, perché nessuno li udisse…».&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;In brani di rapimento erotico come questo - in cui, tra l’altro, non si è lontani neppure dagli estatici abbandoni alla voluttà del sangue presenti, ad esempio, nelle lettere di Santa Caterina da Siena: «Annegatevi nel sangue del Cristo crocifisso, bagnatevi nel sangue, saziatevi di sangue…» -, noi riconosciamo una miriade di rimandi alla sacralità pagana e neo-pagana del sangue, ai suoi occulti poteri fecondanti, alle sue qualità misteriche di infondere vita ulteriore, e proprio quando fuoriesce in fiotti, come seme di vita, da un corpo in travaglio di morte.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;http://www.mirorenzaglia.org/wp-content/uploads/2009/02/duse_fondo-magazine.jpg&quot; /&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Basterà ricordare la libido di sangue ossessivamente presente nella tragedia greca, capace di celebrare l’amore di rango come una lotta spasmodica che non fa più differenza tra la vita e la morte, che riconosce nella carne viva, nel segno sensuale, un universo infinito, confine tra saggezza e follia scatenante: Pentesilea, ad esempio,&amp;nbsp; di cui Kleist fece un superbo affresco del dramma romantico…ferro di lame e di scudi, ma anche di cuori. Tutto questo ebbe riverberi nella nostra poesia nazionalista dei poeti-soldati volontari nella Grande Guerra: amore e lotta celebrati in nozze mistiche di sangue. Ad esempio, in Vittorio Locchi o in Giosuè Borsi, il sangue dell’eroe caduto e riverso al suolo, con la bocca a toccare il terreno come in un bacio, diviene seme generatore, potenza che feconda la terra redenta, paragonata a una sposa che si lasci inondare il grembo dal flusso ancora caldo dello sposo morente. Nel poemetto di Locchi, un tempo famoso, intitolato La sagra di Santa Gorizia, la città da liberare attende il suo eroe come un’amante fremente: «Amore, amore dolce, mi vedi? Amore dolce, mi senti? - chiede l’amata - Quanti tormenti ancora, quanti tormenti prima degli sponsali?». È un misticismo di visionaria trance erotico-guerriera, che certo rinnova esplicitamente gli arcaici connubi di Eros e Thànatos. Ed è in un trionfo di celebrazioni al benigno destino, alla vita che vince la morte, alle armi che liberano lo spirito, che avviene alla fine l’apoteosi trasfiguratrice dell’unione tra la città-femmina, finalmente liberata, e il vittorioso eroe liberatore.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;L’amore - ma non solo quello letterario, proprio quello vero…ma certo non quello “comune”…- è sempre a un passo dalla pazzia: c’è un frammento del Sogno, in cui Isabella viene assalita da gelido terrore nel vedere una coccinella posatasi sul suo candido braccio e da lei creduta una goccia di sangue: esatta trasposizione della demenza che impietrisce Parsifal nell’osservare la rossa goccia di sangue di un passero sulla neve immacolata…&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Detto per inciso, sottesa al Sogno leggiamo una - certo non casuale - combinazione di fine simbolismo cromatico: il bianco dei lunghi capelli e dello spettrale volto di Isabella, il verde della sua mimesis selvatica e il rosso del sangue dell’amato: ed ecco qua i tre colori per i quali l’Orbo Veggente andrà a rischiare la vita, ormai anziano, sui fronti della Grande Guerra…È in situazioni come queste che noi, più che altrove, apprezziamo la fantastica capacità dannunziana di intrecciare una raffinata sensibilità con il primario istinto di vita. Se c’è un luogo in cui la follia diventa mistica percezione dell’Altrove, magia di poteri visionari, potenza che fonde in un unico rogo&amp;nbsp; il dolore e la gioia, questo è l’amore pazzo e disperato: quello profondamente filosofico di Nietzsche, come quello semplicemente umano di Isabella. D’Annunzio, alla sua maniera di grande sensitivo, li visse e li rappresentò entrambi.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;E li rappresentò anche nella vita vera vissuta, magari alla maniera di un sacerdote pagano che solennizzasse i riti della terra e del sangue. Tra i suoi amori folli, c’era infatti, e non minore, anche quello per l’Italia. Un suo legionario ricordò un giorno di&amp;nbsp; come, già vecchio e cadente, al Vittoriale ogni tanto il Comandante amasse celebrare occulte comunioni insieme ai suoi fedelissimi: «sovente, la notte, adunato un piccolo numero di fedeli, alla rossastra luce fantastica di torce resinose, parla della nostra terra e della nostra stirpe, della nostra guerra e dei nostri Morti, dei nostri mari e delle nostre glorie; qui i compagni lo ritrovano, lo rivedono e lo risentono, come in trincea e come a Fiume». Una liturgia nibelungica per eredi della razza di Roma: esisteranno ancora da qualche parte, dispersi, solitari, silenziosi, uomini simili?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;/div&gt; 
        </content>
    </entry>
    </feed>