Last posts on alexis carrel

Alexis Carrel et notre civilisation destructrice

2017-08-09T14:20:29+02:00

Alexis Carrel et notre civilisation destructrice

par Nicolas Bonnal

Ex: http://www.dedefensa.org

On va laisser en parler un qui a le don de les énerver, les médias et les « élites », j’ai nommé Alexis Carrel. Prix Nobel de médecine quand même, et grande star en Amérique à l’époque de Roosevelt. Le chirurgien avait enlevé ses gants pour dire ses quatre vérités, car il savait avant les Orlov, Kunstler et autres collapsologues que nous étions bien condamnés. On cite l’édition américaine que le prestigieux Carrel avait présentée à New York avant la Guerre :

« En somme, la société moderne, cette société engendrée par la science et la technologie, commet la même faute que toutes les civilisations de l’Antiquité. Elle crée des conditions de vie où la vie de l’individu et celle de la race deviennent impossibles. Elle justifie la boutade du doyen Inge : Civilization is a disease which is almost invariably fatal. Bien que la signification réelle des événements qui se passent en Europe et aux Etats-Unis échappe encore au public, elle devient de plus en plus claire à la minorité qui a le temps et le goût de penser. Toute la civilisation occidentale est en danger. Et ce danger menace à la fois la race, les nations, et les individus. Chacun de nous sera atteint par les bouleversements causés par une guerre européenne. Chacun souffre déjà du désordre de la vie et des institutions, de l’affaiblissement général du sens moral de l’insécurité économique, des charges imposées paries défectifs et les criminels. La crise vient de la structure même de la civilisation. Elle est une crise de l’homme. L’homme ne peut pas s’adapter au monde sorti de son cerveau et de ses mains. Il n’a pas d’autre alternative que de refaire ce monde d’après les lois de la vie. Il doit adapter son milieu à la nature de ses activités organiques aussi bien que mentales, et rénover ses habitudes individuelles et sociales. Sinon, la société moderne rejoindra bientôt dans le néant la Grèce et l’Empire de Rome. Et la base de cette rénovation, nous ne pouvons la trouver que dans la connaissance de notre corps et de notre âme. »

A propos de Rome et de la Grèce, lisez mon livre noir : Juvénal, Suétone, Sénèque ont vu et vécu notre situation. Sans oublier Pétrone !

Carrel ramène la démocratie à une idéologie, et on est bien d‘accord :

« Aucune civilisation durable ne sera jamais fondée sur des idéologies philosophiques et sociales. L’idéologie démocratique elle-même, à moins de se reconstruire sur une base scientifique, n’a pas plus de chance de survivre que l’idéologie marxiste. Car, ni l’un ni l’autre de ces systèmes n’embrasse l’homme dans sa réalité totale. »

Le culte moderne de la laideur, de la hideur même, est une tare universelle maintenant.

Carrel explique :

« Le sens esthétique existe chez les êtres humains les plus primitifs, comme chez les plus civilisés. Il survit même à la disparition de l’intelligence car les idiots et les fous sont capables d’œuvres artistiques. La création de formes ou de séries de sons, qui éveillent chez ceux qui les regardent ou les entendent, une émotion esthétique, est un besoin élémentaire de notre nature. L’homme a toujours contemplé avec joie les animaux, les fleurs, les arbres, le ciel, la mer, et les montagnes. Avant l’aurore de la civilisation, il a employé ses grossiers outils à reproduire sur le bois, sur l’ivoire, et la pierre, le profil des êtres vivants. »

Nous sommes moins que des fous alors ?

Puis Carrel soulève la menace de la civilisation qui pèse sur les ouvriers et artisans condamnés à disparaître :

« Aujourd’hui même, quand son sens esthétique n’est pas détruit par son éducation, son mode de vie, et le travail de l’usine, il prend plaisir à fabriquer des objets suivants son inspiration propre. Il éprouve une jouissance esthétique à s’absorber dans cette œuvre. Il y a encore en Europe, et surtout en France, des cuisiniers, des charcutiers, des tailleurs de pierre, des menuisiers, des forgerons, des couteliers, des mécaniciens, qui sont des artistes. Celui qui fait une pâtisserie de belle forme, qui sculpte dans du saindoux des maisons, des hommes et des animaux, qui forge une belle ferrure de porte, qui construit un beau meuble, qui ébauche une grossière statue, qui tisse une belle étoffe de laine ou de soie, éprouve un plaisir analogue à celui du sculpteur, du peintre, du musicien, et de l'architecte. »

Carrel plaint comme le Chaplin des Temps modernes les ouvriers :

« Si l’activité esthétique reste virtuelle chez la plupart des individus, c’est parce que la civilisation industrielle nous a entourés de spectacles laids, grossiers, et vulgaires. En outre, nous avons été transformés en machines. L’ouvrier passe sa vie à répéter des milliers de fois chaque jour le même geste. D’un objet donné, il ne fabrique qu’une seule pièce. Il ne fait jamais l’objet entier. Il ne peut pas se servir de son intelligence. Il est le cheval aveugle qui tournait toute la journée autour d'un manège pour tirer l’eau du puits. »

Un petit procès d’intention contre la civilisation – procès très mal vu maintenant qu’elle est jugée fantastique et parfaite :

« L’industrialisme empêche l’usage des activités de la conscience qui sont capables de donner chaque jour à l’homme un peu de joie. Le sacrifice par la civilisation moderne de l’esprit à la matière a été une erreur. Une erreur d’autant plus dangereuse qu’elle ne provoque aucun sentiment de révolte, qu’elle est acceptée aussi facilement par tous que la vie malsaine des grandes villes, et l’emprisonnement dans les usines. Cependant, les hommes qui éprouvent un plaisir esthétique même rudimentaire dans leur travail, sont plus heureux que ceux qui produisent uniquement afin de pouvoir consommer. Il est certain que l’industrie, dans sa forme actuelle, a enlevé à l’ouvrier toute originalité et toute joie. »

Le grand savant met enfin les points sur les I :

« La stupidité et la tristesse de la civilisation présente sont dues, au moins en partie, à la suppression des formes élémentaires de la jouissance esthétique dans la vie quotidienne. »

Ensuite le docteur Carrel aggrave son cas. Il célèbre en effet la beauté artisanale. Appréciez au passage ses grandes qualités littéraires qui nous changent des stylistes de science et vie ; et des alphabètes actuels sélectionnés au QCM :

« La beauté est une source inépuisable de joie pour celui qui sait la découvrir. Car elle se rencontre partout. Elle sort des mains qui modèlent, ou qui peignent la faïence grossière, qui coupent le bois et en font un meuble, qui tissent la soie, qui taillent le marbre, qui tranchent et réparent la chair humaine. Elle est dans l’art sanglant des grands chirurgiens comme dans celui des peintres, des musiciens, et des poètes. Elle est aussi dans les calculs de Galilée, dans les visions de Dante, dans les expériences de Pasteur, dans le lever du soleil sur l’océan, dans les tourmentes de l’hiver sur les hautes montagnes. Elle devient plus poignante encore dans l’immensité du monde sidéral et de celui des atomes, dans l’inexprimable harmonie du cerveau humain, dans l’âme de l’homme qui obscurément se sacrifie pour le salut des autres. Et dans chacune de ses formes elle demeure l’hôte inconnu de la substance cérébrale, créatrice du visage de l’Univers… »

L’atrophie esthétique donc morale peut survenir :

« Le sens de la beauté ne se développe pas de façon spontanée. Il n’existe dans notre conscience qu’à l’état potentiel. A certaines époques, dans certaines circonstances, il reste virtuel. Il peut même disparaître chez les peuples qui autrefois le possédaient à un haut degré. C’est ainsi que la France détruit ses beautés naturelles et méprise les souvenirs de son passé. »

Comme on sait la meilleure manière de détruire tout cela reste le tourisme de masse.

L’atrophie morale et intellectuelle nous rend inaptes à recréer de la beauté et nous accoutume à une laideur épouvantable (souvenez-vous du Muriel de Resnais où la ville bombardée renaît de ses cendres, mais en béton et grands ensembles) :

« Les descendants des hommes qui ont conçu et exécuté le monastère du Mont Saint-Michel ne comprennent plus sa splendeur. Ils acceptent avec joie l’indescriptible laideur des maisons modernes de la Bretagne et de la Normandie, et surtout des environs de Paris. De même que le Mont Saint-Michel, Paris lui-même et la plupart des villes et villages de France ont été déshonorés par un hideux commercialisme. Comme le sens moral, le sens de la beauté, pendant le cours d’une civilisation, se développe, atteint son apogée, et s'évanouit ».

La culture ? Tout le monde consomme la série US ou le Da Vinci code ; un copain kiosquier me disait jadis qu’il vendait jusqu’à 300 revues de bagnole… Alexis Carrel :

« Le goût de la lecture est plus grand. On achète beaucoup plus de revues et de livres qu'autrefois. Le nombre de gens qui s’intéressent à la science, à la littérature, à l’art, a augmenté. Mais ce sont les formes les plus basses de la littérature et les contrefaçons de la science et de l'art qui, en général, attirent le public. Il ne paraît pas que les excellentes conditions hygiéniques dans lesquelles on élève les enfants, et les soins dont ils sont l’objet dans les écoles, aient réussi à élever leur niveau intellectuel et moral. On peut même se demander s’il n’y a pas souvent une sorte d’antagonisme entre leur développement physique et leur développement mental. Après tout, nous ne savons pas si l’augmentation de la stature dans une race donnée n’est pas une dégénérescence, au lieu d’un progrès, ainsi que nous le croyons aujourd'hui. »

L’individu d’aujourd’hui ? Avant l’obésité (42% d’enfants obèses où je vis), avant l’abrutissement techno et média, avant l’effondrement du QI, Carrel écrit :

« Dans la civilisation moderne, l’individu se caractérise surtout par une activité assez grande et tournée entièrement vers le côté pratique de la vie, par beaucoup d’ignorance, par une certaine ruse, et par un état de faiblesse mentale qui lui fait subir de façon profonde l’influence de milieu où il lui arrive de se trouver. Il semble qu’en l’absence d’armature morale l’intelligence elle-même s’affaisse. C’est peut-être pour cette raison que cette faculté, jadis si caractéristique de la France, a baissé de façon aussi manifeste dans ce pays. Aux Etats-Unis, le niveau intellectuel reste inférieur, malgré la multiplication des écoles et des universités. »

Carrel remarque aussi :

« Le chauffage des maisons à la vapeur, l’éclairage électrique, les ascenseurs, la morale biologique, les manipulations chimiques des denrées alimentaires ont été acceptés uniquement parce que ces innovations étaient agréables et commodes. Mais leur effet probable sur les êtres humains n'a pas été pris en considération… On est arrivé ainsi à la construction des maisons géantes qui accumulent en un espace restreint des masses beaucoup trop considérables d'individus. Ceux-ci y habitent avec plaisir, car jouissant du confort et du luxe ils ne s’aperçoivent pas qu'ils sont privés du nécessaire. La ville moderne se compose de ces habitations monstrueuses et de rues obscures, pleines d’air pollué par les fumées, les poussières, les vapeurs d’essence et les produits de sa combustion, déchirées par le fracas des camions et des tramways, et encombrées sans cesse par une grande foule. Il est évident qu’elle n’a pas été construite pour le bien de ses habitants. »

On ne fait aucun progrès depuis, il ne manquerait plus que cela. Sur la médecine ou le pain blanc, Carrel avait tout dit aussi :

« Notre vie est influencée dans une très large mesure par les journaux. La publicité est faite uniquement dans l’intérêt des producteurs, et jamais des consommateurs. Par exemple, on a fait croire au public que le pain blanc est supérieur au brun. Aussi des quantités de produits alimentaires et pharmaceutiques, inutiles, et souvent nuisibles, sont-ils devenus une nécessité pour les hommes civilisés. C'est ainsi que l’avidité des individus assez habiles pour diriger le goût des masses populaires vers les produits qu’ils ont à vendre, joue un rôle capital dans notre civilisation. »

On dirait du Frédéric Bernays (lisez mon textes). Cerise sur le gâteau :

« On dirait que la civilisation moderne est incapable de produire une élite douée à la fois d’imagination, d’intelligence et de courage. Dans presque tous les pays, il y a une diminution du calibre intellectuel et moral chez ceux qui portent la responsabilité de la direction des affaires politiques, économiques et sociales. »

Notre penseur écrit sur l’apocalypse touristique dont la mission est essentiellement profanatrice, ensuite consumériste (il faut traîner, faire du hanging around) :

« L’attitude des touristes qui profanent les cathédrales d’Europe montre à quel point la vie moderne a oblitéré le sens religieux. L’activité mystique a été bannie de la plupart des religions. Sa signification même a été oubliée. A cet oubli est liée probablement la décadence des églises.&nbs

Lectures fermes pour une époque molle

2013-01-09T00:05:00+01:00

Lectures fermes pour une époque molle
Dominique Venner
À celles et ceux qui me lisent, je présente tous mes vœux d’énergie, de courage et de beauté. Pour accompagner ces vœux, je vais commenter ma relecture récente d’un ouvrage fondamental et un peu oublié, voire dénigré (signe de qualité dans un environnement décadent) : L’Homme cet inconnu d’Alexis Carrel. Mon édition date de 1968, elle reprend l’édition Plon originale de 1935 (1) (image en Une, édition de 1957).
Prix Nobel de médecine en 1912, le Dr Carrel ne fut pas seulement un biologiste inventif et un virtuose de la chirurgie, c’était un esprit d’une hauteur exceptionnelle. Loin de s’enfermer dans sa discipline, il s’intéressait à tout ce qui se rapporte aux mystères de la vie humaine envisagée sous ses aspects physiologiques, intellectuels et moraux afin d’améliorer la société moderne.

On sait combien sont solidesp hysiquement et moralement ceux qui, dès l’enfance, ont été soumis à une discipline intelligente… C’était un esprit très ouvert et jamais dogmatique, qui s’exprimait avec une grande clarté. On trouve chez lui une foule d’observations précieuses pour se reconstruire ou éduquer les enfants. Celle-ci, par exemple sur les bienfaits de l’adaptation à des conditions de vie contrastées : « L’homme atteint son plus haut développement quand il est exposé aux intempéries, quand il est privé de sommeil et qu’il dort longuement, quand sa nourriture est tantôt abondante, tantôt rare, quand il conquiert par un effort son abri et ses aliments. Il faut aussi qu’il exerce ses muscles, qu’il se fatigue et qu’il se repose, qu’il combatte, qu’il souffre, que parfois il soit heureux, qu’il aime et qu’il haïsse, que sa volonté alternativement se tende et se relâche, qu’il lutte contre ses semblables et contre lui-même. Il est fait pour ce mode d’existence, comme l’estomac pour digérer les aliments. C’est dans les conditions où les processus adaptatifs s’exercent de façon intense qu’il devient le plus viril. On sait combien sont solides physiquement et moralement ceux qui, dès l’enfance, ont été soumis à une discipline intelligente, qui ont enduré quelques privations et se sont accommodés à des conditions adverses » (p. 282).
Le Dr Carrel était un homme de son temps, un homme des années 1930, hanté, entre autres par les effets de la Première Guerre mondiale et de la grande crise économique consécutive au krach de 1929. Il avait une perception forte d’une dégénérescence des peuples blancs qui avaient été, depuis quatre siècles, les bâtisseurs d’un nouveau type de société associé au progrès des sciences et des techniques. C’était un volontariste, comme on l’était en son temps (avant les désastres de la Seconde Guerre mondiale). Il croyait fermement à la possibilité d’endiguer la déchéance qu’il voyait poindre. Pour cela, il pensait nécessaire de mettre ses conclusions à la disposition des réformateurs politiques en vue de décisions salvatrices. Cette ambition élevée était aux antipodes de l’individualisme forcené, des promesses de jouissance liée à la consommation de biens inutiles et du verbiage compassionnel qui dominent notre époque. Mais ces dérives décadentes actuelles n’auront qu’un temps, alors que les enseignements de Carrel ont une valeur éternelle.
La foi qui l’habitait lors de la publication de L’Homme cet inconnu (plusieurs millions d’exemplaires vendus dans le monde entier) est résumé à la fin du livre en une page toujours actuelle. Après avoir rappelé le rôle des ordres monastiques et des ordres de chevalerie durant les périodes sombres du haut Moyen Âge, il enchaîne (p. 348) : « Il n’y aurait pas besoin d’un groupe dissident très nombreux pour changer profondément la société moderne. C’est une donnée ancienne de l’observation que la discipline donne aux hommes une grande force. Une minorité ascétique et mystique acquerrait rapidement un pouvoir irrésistible sur la majorité jouisseuse et aveulie. Elle serait capable, par la persuasion ou peut-être par la force, de lui imposer d’autres formes de vie. Aucun des dogmes de la société moderne n’est inébranlable. Ni les usines gigantesques, ni les offices buildings qui montent jusqu’au ciel, ni les grandes villes meurtrières, ni la morale industrielle, ni la mystique de la production ne sont nécessaires à notre progrès. D’autres modes d’existence et de civilisation sont possibles. La culture sans le confort, la beauté sans le luxe, la machine sans la servitude de l’usine, la science sans le culte de la matière permettraient aux hommes de se développer indéfiniment, en gardant leur intelligence, leur sens moral et leur virilité... » Virilité pour les hommes et aptitudes à l’amour, à l’énergie, au dévouement et à l’éducation des enfants chez les femmes, parmi bien d’autres qualités.
Dominique Venner
(1) Dr Alexis Carrel, L’Homme cet inconnu, Plon. D’occasion sur différents sites en ligne.[Note de Novopress : l’édition de 1999 est également disponible neuve.]

Derrière l'éloge fait à Jules Ferry...

2012-05-20T10:15:00+02:00

Nous reproduisons ci-dessous un point de vue grinçant de Bernard Lugan , cueilli sur son blog et consacré à l'hommage rendu par François Hollande à Jules Ferry...
Derrière l'éloge fait à Jules Ferry

Lorsque l’on est président de la République, l’on se doit d’être prudent avec l’Histoire et de demander à ses conseillers de relire soigneusement leurs fiches. Nicolas Sarkozy et François Hollande l’ont tous deux appris à leurs dépens. Le premier avec son « Discours de Dakar », dans lequel, voulant paraître avoir compris des Afriques dont il ignorait tout, il humilia gravement les Africains. Le second avec son éloge de Jules Ferry, quand, pensant placer son mandat sous la figure tutélaire d’un homme de gauche consensuel, il provoqua la polémique, une grande partie de ses millions d’électeurs issus de notre ancien Empire colonial considérant le « père de l’Ecole républicaine » comme un odieux « raciste ». Adieu le consensus…

Faut-il que la culture historique des conseillers du nouveau président soit à ce point partielle qu’ils aient pu ignorer que Jules Ferry a, en son temps, tenu des propos qui, aujourd’hui, le feraient très sévèrement condamner par les tribunaux ? Dans son fameux discours du 28 juillet 1885 prononcé devant les députés, il déclara ainsi : « Il faut dire ouvertement qu’en effet, les races supérieures ont un droit vis-à-vis des races inférieures ; mais parce qu’il y a aussi un devoir. Elles ont le devoir de civiliser les races inférieures ». Précisant sa pensée, il ajouta même que la colonisation est le « devoir d’hommes de race supérieure »…
Pour Jules Ferry, la conquête coloniale n’était brutale qu’en apparence puisque son but était civilisateur. La République n’avait-elle pas agi de même avec les « fanatiques » Vendéens pour les libérer de leur « obscurantisme », avec les Bretons, les Occitans ou les Basques et toutes ces « peuplades inférieures » qu’elle brisa et accultura par « altruisme », pour les transformer et les « sublimer » en Français ? Il devait donc en être de même avec les « sauvages » d’Afrique. Toujours par amour de la Liberté et du genre humain.
Chez Jules Ferry se retrouvent à la fois la notion de conquête émancipatrice et celle d’une France patrie des Droits de l’Homme ne pouvant se dérober devant les exigences de cette croisade laïque, libératrice et pour tout dire républicaine, qu’était la colonisation. D’ailleurs, pour lui, « la race supérieure ne conquiert pas pour le plaisir, dans le dessein d’exploiter le faible, mais bien de le civiliser et de l’élever jusqu’à elle » (Discours du 28 juillet 1885).

Ceux qui ont applaudi le discours prononcé au pied de sa statue dans l’attente fébrile de maroquins tant espérés, Madame Taubira en tête, ainsi que les édiles socialistes qui ont fait débaptiser des universités et des rues portant le nom d’Alexis Carrel, ont donc une mémoire curieusement sélective, pour ne pas dire hémiplégique…
Pour justifier une politique coloniale qui était à l’opposé du Contrat social, la gauche française établit en effet une hiérarchie entre les « races », entre « les civilisations ». Etant ses héritiers sans même le savoir, par simple imbibition à l’air du temps, messieurs Sarkozy et Guéant firent de même… et il leur en coûta médiatiquement… Pourtant, aussi tard que le 9 juillet 1925, Léon Blum, cette autre grande conscience républicaine elle aussi irréprochable, n’avait pas craint d’affirmer devant les députés : «Nous admettons le droit et même le devoir des races supérieures d'attirer à elles celles qui ne sont pas parvenues au même degré de culture et de les appeler aux progrès réalisés grâce aux efforts de la science et de l'industrie. »
Lors du congrès de la Ligue des droits de l’Homme qui se tint à Vichy en 1931, Albert Bayet, son président, déclara quant à lui sous les applaudissements nourris des ennemis de toutes les intolérances, que la colonisation française était légitime car porteuse du message des « grands ancêtres de 1789 » et que, coloniser revenant à : « Faire connaître aux peuples les droits de l’Homme, ce n’est pas une besogne d’impérialisme, c’est une tâche de fraternité ».

A la différence des partisans des lois mémorielles, mille-feuilles historicide interdisant toute recherche, l’universitaire est bien conscient qu’il ne s’agit évidemment pas ici d’oublier le contexte qui prévalait à l’époque. Condamner les propos de Jules Ferry, d’Albert Bayet ou de Léon Blum en ayant l’œil fixé sur l’étalon mètre du politiquement correct que leurs héritiers ont déposé dans le pavillon de Flore de la pensée unique serait en effet une aberration scientifique. Ceci ne doit cependant pas dispenser les héritiers des « grands ancêtres », aujourd’hui si prompts à la repentance et aux condamnations hors contexte, d’oublier de « balayer devant leur porte ».

En définitive, derrière l’éloge en apparence « innocent » de Jules Ferry prononcé par François Hollande, se cachent deux hypothèses :

1) La première est qu’à Sciences-Po et à l’ENA, les professeurs d’histoire du futur président devaient être particulièrement incompétents et que ses actuels conseillers ont de singulières lacunes historiques. Nous aurions là la preuve par 9 des résultats obtenus par ces « pédagogistes » enkystés au ministère de l’Education nationale depuis la Libération et qui, tant sous les régimes de gauche que sous les régimes dits de « droite », n’ont eu de cesse d’assassiner l’enseignement de l’histoire.

2) La seconde serait au contraire celle d’une volonté clairement affichée d’un grand retour aux sources idéologiques de la gauche française, François Hollande raccrochant ainsi une famille doctrinalement déboussolée par le « mitterrandisme » aux mythes fondateurs de la République, tout en occultant prudemment le fait que le « père de l’école républicaine » fut le chantre d’un certain « racisme philanthropique ».

Les années à venir nous diront laquelle de ces hypothèses était la bonne…

Bernard Lugan (Blog officiel de Bernard Lugan, 17 mai 2012)

Alexis Carrel: A Commemoration

2010-11-28T00:06:00+01:00

Alexis Carrel:
A Commemoration, Part 1
Kerry BOLTON
Ex: http://www.counter-currents.com/
[M]en cannot follow modern civilization along its present course, because they are degenerating. They have been fascinated by the beauty of the sciences of inert matter. They have not understood that their body and consciousness are subjected to natural laws, more obscure than, but as inexorable as, the laws of the sidereal world. Neither have they understood that they cannot transgress these laws without being punished.
They must, therefore, learn the necessary relations of the cosmic universe, of their fellow men, and of their inner selves, and also those of their tissues and their mind. Indeed, man stands above all things. Should he degenerate, the beauty of civilization, and even the grandeur of the physical universe, would vanish. . . . Humanity’s attention must turn from the machines of the world of inanimate matter to the body and the soul of man, to the organic and mental processes which have created the machines and the universe of Newton and Einstein.[1]
Alexis Carrel, an observer of the material universe, was one among a unique lineage of scientists who sought out solutions to what they considered were the primary problems confronting the modern world. For Carrel the material progress that was jumping by leaps and bounds from the 19th century across into his century was causing moral, physical and spiritual degeneration. While scientists, then as now overspecialized, and devoid of a broad perspective, were making new discoveries in the physical and social sciences, problems of degeneration and its ultimate consequences were not being sufficiently addressed in a holistic manner.
Within the same lineage of genius that was to consider these problems, we might also include Jung and Konrad Lorenz, Raymond Cattell, and the new generation of sociobiologists. For example Lorenz, the father of ethology, also applying his observations of the natural world to the state of modern man, came to conclusions analogous to those of Carrel, and also attempted to warn of the consequences:
All the advantages that man has gained from his ever-deepening understanding of the natural world that surrounds him, his technological, chemical and medical progress, all of which should seem to alleviate human suffering . . . tends instead to favor humanity’s destruction.[2]
For Jung there were problems for humanity inherent in his modern Civilization insofar as the unconscious is a layered structure each representing different eras of history from the primeval to the present. Therefore much about the psyche comes from the past, including the distant past, and there are aspect of the psyche that are not attuned to modern Civilization. Man’s psyche has not in totality caught up with the Civilization that he has created.[3] It was also a problem that Carrel sought to resolve.
However, what is even more unique about Carrel, is the extent to which he departs from the atheism of certain of today’s sociobiolgists (Richard Dawkins being an obvious example) giving the spiritual and metaphysical primary acknowledgement, as did Jung in his departure from Freudian psychoanalysis.
Scientific Background
Carrel was born in Lyons om June 28, 1873, and died in Paris on November 5, 1944. Graduating with a doctorate from Lyons, he taught operative surgery at the University, and worked at Lyon Hospital, which included experimental work. From 1906 he worked at the Rockefeller Center for Medical Research, New York, where he undertook most of his experiments in surgery, and was awarded a Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine in 1912 for developing a method of suturing blood vessels.
During World War I Carrel served as a Major in the French Army Medical Corps and co-invented the widely used Carrel-Dakin method of cleaning deep wounds, which was particularly effective in preventing gangrene and is credited with saving thousands of lives.
Carrel’s studies centered around tissue and organ transplantation, in 1908 devising methods for the transplanting of whole organs. In 1935 he invented in collaboration with US aviator and bio-mechanic Charles Lindbergh a machine for supplying a sterile respiratory system to organs removed from the body.
Carrel received honors throughout the world for his pioneering medical work, which has laid the basis for today’s organ transplant operations; his work with tissue cultures also having contributed significantly to the understanding of viruses and the preparation of vaccines.
In 1935, at the instigation of a group of friends, Carrel wrote Man the Unknown which caused antagonism with the new director of the Rockefeller Institute, Herbert S. Gasser. In 1939 Carrel retired and his laboratories and Division of Experimental Surgery were closed.
When World War II erupted Carrel returned to France as a member of a special mission for the French Ministry of Health, 1939–1940. Returning briefly to the USA, Carrel went back to France in 1941 via Spain. Although declining to become Minister of Public Health, he became Director of the Carrel Foundation for the Study of Human Problems, which was established by the Vichy Government, a position he held until his death. Here young scientists, physicians, lawyers, and engineers came together to study economics, political science, and nutrition, reflecting the eclectic nature of the holistic approach Carrel insisted upon as being necessary for the diagnosis and treatment of Civilization.
When the Allied forces occupied France in August, 1944, Carrel was suspended from his post and accused of being a “collaborator.”[4] Although he was cleared of charges of “collaboration,” embittered by the accusations he died two weeks later of a heart attack.[5]
Man the Unknown
The book for which the great physician had already received ridicule in 1935 in a quip-filled sneer in Time Magazine, but that became a world-wide bestseller, and the one most commonly associated with Carrel, is Man the Unknown, a scientific diagnosis of the maladies of modern civilization.[6].
Like Jung and Lorenz, the fundamental question for Carrel was that man’s morality and soul were not in accord with his modern civilization, his industrialization, and mass production. This was having a degenerating effect morally, physically, and spiritually.
As a physiologist Carrel explains the constitution of man physiologically and mentally, but these are just the material manifestations from which moral and spiritual lessons must be drawn in reconstituting civilization in accord with man’s spiritual and moral natures, which include an innate religious sense and a mysticism that has been enervated by materialism. Hence some of the questions posed by Carrel are:
We are very far from knowing what relations exist between skeleton, muscles, and organs, and mental and spiritual activities. We are ignorant of the factors that bring about nervous equilibrium and resistance to fatigue and to diseases. We do not know how moral sense, judgment, and audacity could be augmented. What is the relative importance of intellectual, moral, and mystical activities? What is the significance of aesthetic and religious sense? What form of energy is responsible for telepathic communications? Without any doubt, certain physiological and mental factors determine happiness or misery, success or failure. But we do not know what they are. We cannot artificially give to any individual the aptitude for happiness. As yet, we do not know what environment is the most favorable for the optimum development of civilized man. Is it possible to suppress struggle, effort, and suffering from our physiological and spiritual formation? How can we prevent the degeneracy of man in modern civilization? Many other questions could be asked on subjects which are to us of the utmost interest. They would also remain unanswered. It is quite evident that the accomplishments of all the sciences having man as an object remain insufficient, and that our knowledge of ourselves is still most rudimentary.[7]
A primary concern for Carrel was with the artificiality of modern civilization, from modes of dwelling to food production, including the factory raising of hens, questions which have in just recent years come into vogue with the “Left.” The question of factory and other forms of work drudgery and their adverse impact upon both menial and mental workers is regarded by Carrel as a major issue of concern in having a degenerative effect.
The environment which has molded the body and the soul of our ancestors during many millenniums has now been replaced by another. This silent revolution has taken place almost without our noticing it. We have not realized its importance. Nevertheless, it is one of the most dramatic events in the history of humanity. For any modification in their surroundings inevitably and profoundly disturbs all living beings. We must, therefore, ascertain the extent of the transformations imposed by science upon the ancestral mode of life, and consequently upon ourselves.[8]
The environment, including accommodation and working conditions, while materially very much better than those of our ancestors, has become artificial, is not rooted to any community, or family; no craft or individual creativity is involved. “Everywhere, in the cities, as well as in the country, in private houses as in factories, in the workshop, on the roads, in the fields, and on the farms, machines have decreased the intensity of human effort.” The types of food available is an important aspect considered by Carrel, and one which has in recent years been brought up especially by “Green” politicians[9] in the West. It is an example of what Carrel means by the material abundance yet simultaneous lowering of quality of modern civilization leading to human degeneration rather than elevation:
The aliments of our ancestors, which consisted chiefly of coarse flour, meat, and alcoholic drinks, have been replaced by much more delicate and varied food. Beef and mutton are no longer the staple foods. The principal elements of modern diet are milk, cream, butter, cereals refined by the elimination of the shells of the grain, fruits of tropical as well as temperate countries, fresh or canned vegetables, salads, large quantities of sugar in the form of pies, candies, and puddings. Alcohol alone has kept its place. The food of children has undergone a profound change. It is now very artificial and abundant. The same may be said of the diet of adults. The regularity of the working-hours in offices and factories has entailed that of the meals. Owing to the wealth which was general until a few years ago, and to the decline in the religious spirit and in the observance of ritualistic fasts, human beings have never been fed so punctually and uninterrupted.[10]
Now of course the problems of artificial diet of which Carrel was warning seventy-five years ago have reached the point of almost tragic-comic proportions with the virtually global phenomena of “fast food,” and the obesity problem that is becoming a real health issue in the West.[11]
The consequences not only of abundant – albeit un-nutritious food – coupled with an ease of life and the advances in medicine that have eliminated many diseases have paradoxically seen an increase in degenerative nervous diseases:
But we are confronted with much graver problems, which demand immediate solution. While infantile diarrhea, tuberculosis, diphtheria, typhoid fever, etc., are being eliminated, they are replaced by degenerative diseases. There are also a large number of affections of the nervous system and of the mind. In certain states the multitude of the insane confined in the asylums exceeds that of the patients kept in all other hospitals. Like insanity, nervous disorders and intellectual weakness seem to have become more frequent. They are the most active factors of individual misery and of the destruction of families. Mental deterioration is more dangerous for civilization than the infectious diseases to which hygienists and physicians have so far exclusively devoted their attention.[12]
What Carrel is suggesting throughout is that quantity has been substituted for quality, from food to arts. It is a problem arising from the mass nature of liberalism and socialism, and of capitalism, that also bothered the literati at the turn of the 19th and beginning of the 20th centuries,[13] and has continued apace with the technological advances of communications over just the past few years. Universal education and the mass communication of literature etc. has expanded the reading public for example, but has not encouraged the maintenance of cultural standards. Mass-marketing requires quantity and a fast turnover whether in computers or in what now passes for “literature” and “art.”
In spite of the immense sums of money expended on the education of the children and the young people of the United States, the intellectual elite does not seem to have increased. The average man and woman are, without any doubt, better educated and, superficially at least, more refined. The taste for reading is greater. More reviews and books are bought by the public than in former times. The number of people who are interested in science, letters, and art has grown. But most of them are chiefly attracted by the lowest form of literature and by the imitations of science and of art. It seems that the excellent hygienic conditions in which children are reared, and the care lavished upon them in school, have not raised their intellectual and moral standards.
Modern civilization seems to be incapable of producing people endowed with imagination, intelligence, and courage. In practically every country there is a decrease in the intellectual and moral caliber of those who carry the responsibility of public affairs. The financial, industrial, and commercial organizations have reached a gigantic size. They are influenced not only by the conditions of the country where they are established, but also by the state of the neighboring countries and of the entire world. In all nations, economic and social conditions undergo extremely rapid changes. Nearly everywhere the existing form of government is again under discussion. The great democracies find themselves face to face with formidable problems—problems concerning their very existence and demanding an immediate solution. And we realize that, despite the immense hopes which humanity has placed in modern civilization, such a civilization has failed in developing men of sufficient intelligence and audacity to guide it along the dangerous road on which it is stumbling. Human beings have not grown so rapidly as the institutions sprung from their brains. It is chiefly the intellectual and moral deficiencies of the political leaders, and their ignorance, which endanger modern nations.[14]
Carrel in his preliminary remarks concludes with one of the primary symptoms of cultural decay, that of declining birthright, which Spengler and others have commented upon in the same context also, and it is a problem taken up again in Man The Unknown and in his posthumously published Reflections on Life. Indeed, as this is written there have been some media remarks and commentary of New Zealand having the second highest abortion rate in the developed world (after Sweden) and as usual ‘sexual health experts’ are trotted out to offer superficial explanation such as lack of adequate sex education for the young (which according to the experts should begin at pre-school level).[15]
Finally, we must ascertain how the new mode of life will influence the future of the race. The response of the women to the modifications brought about in the ancestral habits by industrial civilization has been immediate and decisive. The birth rate has at once fallen. This event has been felt most precociously and seriously in the social classes and in the nations which were the first to benefit from the progress brought about, directly or indirectly, by the applications of scientific discoveries. Voluntary sterility is not a new thing in the history of the world. It has already been observed in a certain period of past civilizations. It is a classical symptom. We know its significance.[16]
Spengler wrote of this problem also as symptomatic of the senile “Winter” cycle of a Civilization where woman repudiates her womanliness in her desire to be “free.” There arises the phenomena of the “sterility of civilized man.”[17] “The continuance of the blood-relation in the visible world is no longer a duty of the blood and the destiny of being the last of the line is no longer felt as a doom.”[18] While the “primary woman, the peasant woman, is mother….,” in Late Civilization there emerges “emancipated woman,” and in this cycle which lasts for centuries, there is an “appalling depopulation,” and the whole cultural pyramid crumbles from the top down.[19]
Carrel’s premise, reminiscent of the passage previously quoted from Jung, is:
Modern civilization finds itself in a difficult position because it does not suit us. It has been erected without any knowledge of our real nature. It was born from the whims of scientific discoveries, from the appetites of men, their illusions, their theories, and their desires. Although constructed by our efforts, it is not adjusted to our size and shape.[20]
The mental cost for the workers caused by mass industrialization are addressed by Carrel in terms that are not found by the democratic and Marxist champions of the proletariat, yet Carrel well after his death, has been smeared as an inhumane “Nazi.”
In the organization of industrial life the influence of the factory upon the physiological and mental state of the workers has been completely neglected. Modern industry is based on the conception of the maximum production at lowest cost, in order that an individual or a group of individuals may earn as much money as possible. It has expanded without any idea of the true nature of the human beings who run the machines, and without giving any consideration to the effects produced on the individuals and on their descendants by the artificial mode of existence imposed by the factory. The great cities have been built with no regard for us. The shape and dimensions of the skyscrapers depend entirely on the necessity of obtaining the maximum income per square foot of ground, and of offering to the tenants offices and apartments that please them. This caused the construction of gigantic buildings where too large masses of human beings are crowded together. Civilized men like such a way of living. While they enjoy the comfort and banal luxury of their dwelling, they do not realize that they are deprived of the necessities of life. The modern city consists of monstrous edifices and of dark, narrow streets full of gasoline fumes, coal dust, and toxic gases, torn by the noise of the taxicabs, trucks, and trolleys, and thronged ceaselessly by great crowds. Obviously, it has not been planned for the good of its inhabitants.[21]
These are questions that have never been resolved, either by capitalist or by communist states. Despite our increased standards of living—albeit largely based on debt—the “banality of luxury” has been accepted as desirable as modern man has adapted to, rather than resisted, the pervasive era of mass production and consumption as the new universal religion. The aspects described by Carrel as he observed them in 1935, have multiplied by many times.
Notes
1. Alexis Carrel, Man the Unknown (Sydney: Angus and Robertson Ltd., 1937); Preface, xi.
2. Konrad Lorenz, Civilized Man’s Eight Deadly Sins (1974), 26. The full text is online at: http://www.scribd.com/doc/34473621/Konrad-Lorentz-Civilized-Mans-Deadly-Sins. The basic question asked by ethologists in regard to the behavior patterns of a species is: “What for?” Lorenz asks what the answer is when such a question is applied to many behavior patterns of modern Civilization. (p. 4).
3. Jung wrote of this schizoid state: “Our souls as well as our bodies are composed of individual elements which were all already present in the ranks of our ancestors. The ‘newness’ of the individual psyche is an endlessly varied recombination of age-old components. Body and soul therefore have an intensely historical character and find no place in what is new. We are very far from having finished with the Middle Ages, classical antiquity and primitivity as our modern psyches pretend. Nevertheless we have plunged into a cataract of progress which sweeps us into the future with ever wilder violence the farther it takes us from our roots.” C. G. Jung, Memories, Dreams, Reflections, 263.
4. “Alexis Carrel,” http://www.pbs.org/wnet/redgold/innovators/bio_carrel.html
5. Alexis Carrel, Reflections on Life (Hawthorn Books 1952), “The author and his book,” http://chestofbooks.com/society/metaphysics/Reflections-On-Life/The-Author-And-His-Book.html
6. The full text of the 1939 Harper’s edition of Man the Unknown can be read online: http://www.soilandhealth.org/03sov/0303critic/030310carrel/Carrell-toc.htm
7. Man the Unknown, ch. 1: 1, “The Need for a better knowledge of man.”
8. Man the Unknown, ch. 1: 3.
9. E.g. New Zealand’s retiring Green Party Member of Parliament Sue Kedgley, was particularly noted for her campaigns on the chemical adulteration of food.
10. Man the Unknown, ch. 1: 3.
11. Eric Schlosser, Fast Food Nation (Middlesex: Allen Lane, Penguin, 2001).
12. Man the Unknown, Ch. 1: 4.
13. K. R. Bolton, Thinkers of the Right (Luton: Luton Publications, 2003).
14. Man the Unknown.
15. That “sex education” of the proportions advocated by the “experts” has for decades been practised by Sweden, which nonetheless tops all states in terms of abortion rates, seems to have been missed by the “experts.” The major myth of the “experts” in accounting for New Zealand’s high abortion rate is that most abortions are performed among poorly educated Polynesian/Maori teenagers. The median age for abortions in 2009 was 24. Over 50% were of European origin. Statistics New Zealand: Abortion Statistics Year Ended December 2009, http://www.stats.govt.nz/browse_for_stats/health/abortion/AbortionStatistics_HOTPDec09/Commentary.aspx
16. Man the Unknown, ch. 1: 4.
17. Oswald Spengler, The Decline of the West, 1926, (London: George Allen and Unwin, 1971), 103.
18. The Decline of the West, 104.
19. The Decline of the West, 105.
20. Man the Unknown, ch. 1: 4.
21. Man the Unknown.
Alexis Carrel:
A Commemoration, Part 2
In addressing the artificiality of food as a modern degenerative cause, Carrel states:
Our life is influenced in a large measure by commercial advertising. Such publicity is undertaken only in the interest of the advertisers and not of the consumers. For example, the public has been made to believe that white bread is better than brown. Then, flour has been bolted more and more thoroughly and thus deprived of its most useful components. Such treatment permits its preservation for longer periods and facilitates the making of bread. The millers and the bakers earn more money. The consumers eat an inferior product, believing it to be a superior one. And in the countries where bread is the principal food, the population degenerates. Enormous amounts of money are spent for publicity. As a result, large quantities of alimentary and pharmaceutical products, at the least useless, and often harmful, have become a necessity for civilized men. In this manner the greediness of individuals, sufficiently shrewd to create a popular demand for the goods that they have for sale, plays a leading part in the modern world.[1]
These problems of modern civilization were addressed during the Medieval era, under religious sanction, and under organization sanction via the Guilds, and yet our era is regarded as “progressive” and full of unlimited possibilities and that of the past as superstition-ridden and ignorant.
Man is for Carrel first a spiritual being, who has entered a degenerative state through artificial behavior patterns induced by industrialization.
The definition of good and evil is based both on reason and on the immemorial experience of humanity. It is related to basic necessities of individual and social life. However, it is somewhat arbitrary. But at each epoch and in each country it should be very clearly defined and identical for all classes of individuals. The good is equivalent to justice, charity, beauty. The evil, to selfishness, meanness, ugliness. In modern civilization, the theoretical rules of conduct are based upon the remains of Christian morals. No one obeys them. Modern man has rejected all discipline of his appetites. However, biological and industrial morals have no practical value, because they are artificial and take into consideration only one aspect of the human being. They ignore some of our most essential activities. They do not give to man an armor strong enough to protect him against his own inherent vices.
In order to keep his mental and organic balance, man must impose upon himself an inner rule. The state can thrust legality upon people by force. But not morality. Everyone should realize the necessity of selecting the right and avoiding the wrong, of submitting himself to such necessity by an effort of his own will. The Roman Catholic Church, in its deep understanding of human psychology, has given to moral activities a far higher place than to intellectual ones. The men, honored by her above all others, are neither the leaders of nations, the men of science, nor the philosophers. They are the saints–that is, those who are virtuous in a heroic manner. When we watch the inhabitants of the new city, we fully understand the practical necessity of moral sense. Intelligence, will power, and morality are very closely related. But moral sense is more important than intelligence. When it disappears from a nation the whole social structure slowly commences to crumble away. In biological research, we have not given so far to moral activities the importance that they deserve. Moral sense must be studied in as positive a manner as intelligence. Such a study is certainly difficult. But the many aspects of this sense in individuals and groups of individuals can easily be discerned. It is also possible to analyze the physiological, psychological, and social effects of morals. Of course, such researches cannot be undertaken in a laboratory. Field work is indispensable. There are still today many human communities which show the various characteristics of moral sense, and the results of its absence or of its presence in different degrees. Without any doubt, moral activities are located within the domain of scientific observation.[2]
While Carrel has been deemed since 1944 to be a “fascist,” a “collaborator,” and a “Nazi,” his championing of the individual rather than the mass does not sit well with stereotypical images. Like others skeptical of democracy and equality, he opposed the leveling tendencies of the modern era, be they in the form of capitalism or Marxism, both of which had accepted the same formulation of man and society, Carrel in Reflections on Life calling the Liberal bourgeois the elder brother of the Bolshevist.
Modern society ignores the individual. It only takes account of human beings. It believes in the reality of the Universals and treats men as abstractions. The confusion of the concepts of individual and of human being has led industrial civilization to a fundamental error, the standardization of men. If we were all identical, we could be reared and made to live and work in great herds, like cattle. But each one has his own personality. He cannot be treated like a symbol.[3]
One symptom of mass society is that of mass education, and Carrel here focuses on the role of the family and especially the mother as the prime educator of the child before any institution. This championing of the family rather than the State is contrary to all collectivist schemes, which seek to eliminate the family as an obstacle to State totality.
Children should not be placed, at a very early age, in schools where they are educated wholesale. As is well known, most great men have been brought up in comparative solitude, or have refused to enter the mold of the school. Of course, schools are indispensable for technical studies. They also fill, in a certain measure, the child’s need of contact with other children. But education should be the object of unfailing guidance. Such guidance belongs to the parents. They alone, and more especially the mother, have observed, since their origin, the physiological and mental peculiarities whose orientation is the aim of education. Modern society has committed a serious mistake by entirely substituting the school for the familial training. The mothers abandon their children to the kindergarten in order to attend to their careers, their social ambitions, their sexual pleasures, their literary or artistic fancies, or simply to play bridge, go to the cinema, and waste their time in busy idleness. They are, thus, responsible for the disappearance of the familial group where the child was kept in contact with adults and learned a great deal from them.[4]
It is relevant to note here that the family was indeed the basis of the Vichy regime that sought a “National Revolution” based on the dictum “Work, Family, Homeland.” Among the family-orientated measures of the Vichy regime was the “Mother-at-home” allowance,[5] the type of legislation that is still being sought in the Western democracies. The “family allowance” increased with the birth of each child.[6] Maternity welfare provided for women to be taken by a hospital one month before and one month after the birth of a child,[7] a measure that would today in our liberal “welfare states” now seem utopian.
Likewise, Carrel lamented the phenomena of mass production and man as factory fodder, where there was once craft centered on a religious ethos rather than a strictly economic one.
The neglect of individuality by our social institutions is, likewise, responsible for the atrophy of the adults. Man does not stand, without damage, the mode of existence, and the uniform and stupid work imposed on factory and office workers, on all those who take part in mass production. In the immensity of modern cities he is isolated and as if lost. He is an economic abstraction, a unit of the herd. He gives up his individuality. He has neither responsibility nor dignity. Above the multitude stand out the rich men, the powerful politicians, the bandits. The others are only nameless grains of dust. On the contrary, the individual remains a man when he belongs to a small group, when he inhabits a village or a small town where his relative importance is greater, when he can hope to become, in his turn, an influential citizen. The contempt for individuality has brought about its factual disappearance.[8]
Again, Carrel seems to be alluding in his ideal for a return to the medieval ethos. And again, one finds here also that Carrel’s social critique is far from misanthropic, as has been more recently claimed by his post-mortem “anti-fascist” avengers. He is a physician trying to diagnose and treat the cancerous growth of the mass tyranny of the modern era.
Carrel’s conclusion is that man, who has transformed the material world through science, is also capable of transforming himself. But he will not transform himself without necessity, because he has become complacent amidst the artificial lifestyle of industrial civilization.
While surrounded by the comfort, the beauty, and the mechanical marvels engendered by technology, he does not understand how urgent is this operation. He fails to realize that he is degenerating. Why should he strive to modify his ways of being, living, and thinking?[9]
Carrel regarded the Great Depression as a fortuitous opportunity, because of the undermining of public confidence in the economic system, which might impel people to seek a redirection.
Has not modern life decreased the intelligence and the morality of the whole nation? Why must we pay several billions of dollars each year to fight criminals? Why do the gangsters continue victoriously to attack banks, kill policemen, kidnap, ransom, or assassinate children, in spite of the immense amount of money spent in opposing them? Why are there so many feeble-minded and insane among civilized people? Does not the world crisis depend on individual and social factors that are more important than the economic ones? It is to be hoped that the spectacle of civilization at this beginning of its decline will compel us to ascertain whether the causes of the catastrophe do not lie within ourselves, as well as in our institutions. And that we will fully realize the imperativeness of our renovation.
…The spontaneous crash of technological civilization may help to release the impulses required for the destruction of our present habits and the creation of new modes of life.[10]
What Carrel called for was the creation of a new ruling state of renaissance men who would be educated in all the arts and sciences, having renounced ordinary life to form a ruling class better capable of creating a new civilization in keeping with man’s true nature, than can politicians and plutocrats.
Indeed, the few gifted individuals who dedicate themselves to this work will have to renounce the common modes of existence. They will not be able to play golf and bridge, to go to cinemas, to listen to radios, to make speeches at banquets, to serve on committees, to attend meetings of scientific societies, political conventions, and academies, or to cross the ocean and take part in international congresses. They must live like the monks of the great contemplative orders, and not like university professors, and still less like business men. In the course of the history of all great nations, many have sacrificed themselves for the salvation of the community. Sacrifice seems to be a necessary condition of progress.[11]
Eugenics was also a significant aspect of Carrel’s beliefs, and the matter for which he is most smeared, although eugenic ideas among physiologists at that time were the norm, and what Carrel advocated was on par with the sterilization measures already undertaken by many states of the USA,[12] and was at that time even advocated by socialists, as was particularly the case in Sweden. Hence, Carrel stated:
Eugenics may exercise a great influence upon the destiny of the civilized races. Of course, the reproduction of human beings cannot be regulated as in animals. The propagation of the insane and the feeble-minded, nevertheless, must be prevented. A medical examination should perhaps be imposed on people about to marry, as for admission into the army or the navy, or for employees in hotels, hospitals, and department stores. However, the security given by medical examination is not at all positive. The contradictory statements made by experts before the courts of justice demonstrate that these examinations often lack any value. It seems that eugenics, to be useful, should be voluntary. By an appropriate education, each one could be made to realize what wretchedness is in store for those who marry into families contaminated by syphilis, cancer, tuberculosis, insanity, or feeble-mindedness. Such families should be considered by young people at least as undesirable as those which are poor. In truth, they are more dangerous than gangsters and murderers. No criminal causes so much misery in a human group as the tendency to insanity. Voluntary eugenics is not impossible. […]None should marry a human being suffering from hidden hereditary defects. Most of man’s misfortunes are due to his organic and mental constitution and, in a large measure, to his heredity. Obviously, those who are afflicted with a heavy ancestral burden of insanity, feeblemindedness, or cancer should not marry. No human being has the right to bring misery to another human being. Still less, that of procreating children destined to misery.[13]
It is clear that for all the slander against Carrel as a eugenicist, his position on the matter was moderate for the time, and was to be voluntary, based on a combination of education and financial rewards. However, also of great importance in Carrel’s system was education and culture.
Children must be reared in contact with things which are the expression of the mind of their parents. It is imperative to stop the transformation of the farmer, the artisan, the artist, the professor, and the man of science into manual or intellectual proletarians, possessing nothing but their hands or their brains. The development of this proletariat will be the everlasting shame of industrial civilization. It has contributed to the disappearance of the family as a social unit, and to the weakening of intelligence and moral sense. It is destroying the remains of culture. All forms of the proletariat must be suppressed. Each individual should have the security and the stability required for the foundation of a family.[14]
Elsewhere Carrel writes again of the undesirability of mass proletarianization and the need for a new economic system:
The artisan, on the contrary, has the legitimate hope that some day he may become the head of his shop. Likewise, the peasant owning his land, the fisherman owning his boat, although obliged to work hard, are, nevertheless, masters of themselves and of their time. Most industrial workers could enjoy similar independence and dignity. The white-collar people lose their personality just as factory hands do. In fact, they become proletarians. It seems that modern business organization and mass production are incompatible with the full development of the human self. If such is the case, then industrial civilization, and not civilized man, must go.[15]
In the same paragraph Carrel emphasis the basic social unit as being the family, predicated on sound and lasting marriage for the raising of healthy children, and the education of women geared to raising children.
Marriage must cease being only a temporary union. The union of man and woman, like that of the higher anthropoids, ought to last at least until the young have no further need of protection. The laws relating to education, and especially to that of girls, to marriage, and divorce should, above all, take into account the interest of children. Women should receive a higher education, not in order to become doctors, lawyers, or professors, but to rear their offspring to be valuable human beings.[16]
Feminism has resulted in what we might call the proletarianization of women, whether in menial or intellectual arenas, as increasing numbers especially over the past several decades have opted for jobs rather than children, even for the sake of their social life, or have been leaving child bearing to increasingly later ages until procreation becomes a problem. If Carrel were alive today, he would undoubtedly have much to say about the decline fertility rates among males also, perhaps looking at environmental and nutritional factors for explanations. At any rate the question of food quality is broached by Carrel several times in Man the Unknown, for example:
We now have to reestablish, in the fullness of his personality, the human being weakened and standardized by modem life. Sexes have again to be clearly defined. Each individual should be either male or female, and never manifest the sexual tendencies, mental characteristics, and ambitions of the opposite sex. Instead of resembling a machine produced in series, man should, on the contrary, emphasize his uniqueness. In order to reconstruct personality, we must break the frame of the school, factory, and office, and reject the very principles of technological civilization.
The effect of the chemical compounds contained in food upon physiological and mental activities is far from being thoroughly known. Medical opinion on this point is of little value, for no experiments of sufficient duration have been made upon human beings to ascertain the influence of a given diet. There is no doubt that consciousness is affected by the quantity and the quality of the food.[17]
Carrel, as a social-physician in the closing paragraphs of his seminal work again shows that what he was advocating was of a humane character; that he was not a social-Darwinist with a disregard for the weaker elements of society:
The brutal materialism of our civilization not only opposes the soaring of intelligence, but also crushes the affective, the gentle, the weak, the lonely, those who love beauty, who look for other things than money, whose sensibility does not stand the struggle of modern life. In past centuries, the many who were too refined, or too incomplete, to fight with the rest were allowed the free development of their personality. Some lived within themselves. Others took refuge in monasteries, in charitable or contemplative orders, where they found poverty and hard work, but also dignity, beauty, and peace. Individuals of this type should be given, instead of the inimical conditions of modern society, an environment more appropriate to the growth and utilization of their specific qualities.[18]
Notes
1. Man the Unknown.
2. Man the Unknown, ch. 4: 3.
3. Man the Unknown, ch. 7: 10.
4. Man the Unknown, ch. 7: 10.
5. Decree of October 11, 1940.
6. Laws of November 18, 1940; February 15, 1941.
7. Law no. 3763, September 2, 1941.
8. Alexis Carrel, Man the Unknown, ch. 7: 10.
9. Man the Unknown, ch. 7: 10., ch. 8: 1.
10. Man the Unknown, ch. 7: 10.
11. Man the Unknown, ch. 8:3.
12. Indiana became the first US state to enact a sterilization law in 1907, directed towards the “feebleminded.” In 1927 the US Supreme Court ruled 8 to that sterilization laws for the mentally handicapped were not unconstitutional, Justice Holmes writing of the decision: “It is better for all the world, if instead of waiting to execute degenerate offspring for crime, or to let them starve for their imbecility, society can prevent those who are manifestly unfit from continuing their kind.” As late as 1970 the Nixon Administration increased Medicaid funding for the voluntary sterilization of low-income Americans. The last forcible sterilization occurred in the USA in 1981, in Oregon, under the direction of the Oregon Board of Eugenics. Social democratic Sweden was particularly active with a eugenic sterilization program from 1934, the laws not being repealed until 1976. Around 31,000 had been sterilized, by far the majority forcibly.
13. Man the Unknown, ch. 8:7.
14. Man the Unknown, ch. 8:7.
15. Man the Unknown, ch. 8:12.
16. Reflections on Life, ch. 8: 12.
17. Reflections on Life, ch. 8: 12.
18. Reflections on Life, ch. 8: 12.
Alexis Carrel:
A Commemoration, Part 3
Reflections on Life
Three of Carrel’s books were published posthumously, Reflections on Life[1] being particularly instructive in further explicating Carrel’s views on civilization. Here Carrel states that the great problem of the day is for man to increase not only his intelligence, but also a robustness of character and morality, and to maintain a spiritual outlook, these qualities having atrophied and failed to keep pace with technical evolution.[2] Based on his experiments and observations Carrel states that the organism is greatly malleable and changed by circumstances of environment. This two-way interaction between environment and genes seems often to be overlooked in a dichotomy existing between genetic determinists and environmental determinists. Therefore, what Carrel presents is a synthesis, writing:
The formation of body and mind depends on the chemical, physical and psychological conditions of the environment and on physiological habits. The effects of these conditions and these habits on the whole make-up of the individual ought to be exactly studied with reference to all activities of body and mind.[3]
Throughout his life he also emphasized the importance of the spiritual and the religious, and he remained a Christian.
Carrel proceeds with the first chapter to trace the dissolution of traditional communal bonds with the ancestral traditions being undermined from the time of the Renaissance, through to the Reformation, and the revolutions of France and America, enthroning of rationalism and heralding the rise of liberalism and Marxism:
The democratic nations fail to recognize the value of scientific concepts in the organization of communal life. They put their trust in ideologies, those twin daughters of the rationalism of the Age of Enlightenment. Yet neither Liberalism nor Marxism bases itself on an exhaustive observation of reality. The fathers of Liberalism, Voltaire and Adam Smith, had just as arbitrary and incomplete a view of the human world as Ptolemy had of the stellar system. The same applies to those who signed the Declaration of Independence, to the authors of the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen as also to Karl Marx and Engels.[4]
At the root of these ideologies of capitalism and socialism alike is economic reductionism, which has given rise to the artificiality of a civilization that Carrel condemned for fostering a weakened state of humanity, physiologically, morally, spiritually, and mentally:
The principles of the Communist Manifesto are, in fact, like those of the French Revolution, philosophical views and not scientific concepts. The Liberal bourgeois and the Communist worker share the same belief in the primacy of economics. This bel

Last posts on alexis carrel

Alexis Carrel et notre civilisation destructrice

Alexis Carrel et notre civilisation destructrice

Lectures fermes pour une époque molle

Derrière l'éloge fait à Jules Ferry...

Alexis Carrel: A Commemoration

Alexis Carrel:
A Commemoration, Part 1

Kerry BOLTON

Alexis Carrel:
A Commemoration, Part 2

Alexis Carrel:
A Commemoration, Part 3

Last posts on alexis carrel

Alexis Carrel et notre civilisation destructrice

Alexis Carrel et notre civilisation destructrice

Lectures fermes pour une époque molle

Derrière l'éloge fait à Jules Ferry...

Alexis Carrel: A Commemoration

Alexis Carrel:A Commemoration, Part 1

Kerry BOLTON

Alexis Carrel:A Commemoration, Part 2

Alexis Carrel:A Commemoration, Part 3

Alexis Carrel:
A Commemoration, Part 1

Alexis Carrel:
A Commemoration, Part 2

Alexis Carrel:
A Commemoration, Part 3